Request for Covid-19 Impact Assessment of this Report
The United States Automobile Powertrain market is expected at value of US$ million in 2021 and grow at approximately % CAGR during forecast period 2022-2028. China constitutes a % market for the global Automobile Powertrain market, reaching US$ million by the year 2028. As for the Europe Automobile Powertrain landscape, Germany is projected to reach US$ million by 2028 trailing a CAGR of % over the forecast period 2022-2028. In APAC, the growth rates of other notable markets (Japan and South Korea) are projected to be at % and % respectively for the next 6-year period.
Global main Automobile Powertrain players cover Nissan, Toyota, General Motors, and Ford Motor, etc. In terms of revenue, the global largest two companies occupy a share nearly % in 2021.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Automobile Powertrain market by product type, application, key players and key regions and countries.
Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022 in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2028 in section 10.7.
Gasoline Powertrain System
Diesel Powertrain System
Hybrid Powertrain System
Flex Fuel Powertrain System
Others
Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2028 in section 10.8.
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major players in the market. The key players covered in this report: Breakdown data in in Chapter 3.
Nissan
Toyota
General Motors
Ford Motor
Honda
BMW
Hyundai Motor
FCA
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2017-2028
2.1.2 Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Region 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
2.2 Automobile Powertrain Segment by Type
2.2.1 Gasoline Powertrain System
2.2.2 Diesel Powertrain System
2.2.3 Hybrid Powertrain System
2.2.4 Flex Fuel Powertrain System
2.2.5 Others
2.3 Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type
2.3.1 Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)
2.3.2 Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.4 Automobile Powertrain Segment by Application
2.4.1 Passenger Car
2.4.2 Commercial Vehicle
2.5 Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application
2.5.1 Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)
2.5.2 Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
3 Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Player
3.1 Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Players
3.1.1 Global Automobile Powertrain Revenue by Players (2020-2022)
3.1.2 Global Automobile Powertrain Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2022)
3.2 Global Automobile Powertrain Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 Automobile Powertrain by Regions
4.1 Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Regions (2017-2022)
4.2 Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth (2017-2022)
4.3 APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth (2017-2022)
4.4 Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth (2017-2022)
4.5 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth (2017-2022)
5 Americas
5.1 Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
5.2 Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
5.3 Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
6.2 APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
6.3 APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Automobile Powertrain by Country (2017-2022)
7.2 Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
7.3 Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain by Region (2017-2022)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Global Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.1 Global Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
10.1.1 Global Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
10.1.2 Americas Automobile Powertrain Forecast
10.1.3 APAC Automobile Powertrain Forecast
10.1.4 Europe Automobile Powertrain Forecast
10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Forecast
10.2 Americas Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Country (2023-2028)
10.2.1 United States Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.2.2 Canada Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.2.3 Mexico Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.2.4 Brazil Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3 APAC Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
10.3.1 China Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3.2 Japan Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3.3 Korea Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3.4 Southeast Asia Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3.5 India Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.3.6 Australia Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.4 Europe Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Country (2023-2028)
10.4.1 Germany Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.4.2 France Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.4.3 UK Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.4.4 Italy Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.4.5 Russia Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.5 Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
10.5.1 Egypt Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.5.2 South Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.5.3 Israel Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.5.4 Turkey Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.5.5 GCC Countries Automobile Powertrain Market Forecast
10.6 Global Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
10.7 Global Automobile Powertrain Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
11 Key Players Analysis
11.1 Nissan
11.1.1 Nissan Company Information
11.1.2 Nissan Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.1.3 Nissan Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.1.4 Nissan Main Business Overview
11.1.5 Nissan Latest Developments
11.2 Toyota
11.2.1 Toyota Company Information
11.2.2 Toyota Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.2.3 Toyota Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.2.4 Toyota Main Business Overview
11.2.5 Toyota Latest Developments
11.3 General Motors
11.3.1 General Motors Company Information
11.3.2 General Motors Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.3.3 General Motors Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.3.4 General Motors Main Business Overview
11.3.5 General Motors Latest Developments
11.4 Ford Motor
11.4.1 Ford Motor Company Information
11.4.2 Ford Motor Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.4.3 Ford Motor Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.4.4 Ford Motor Main Business Overview
11.4.5 Ford Motor Latest Developments
11.5 Honda
11.5.1 Honda Company Information
11.5.2 Honda Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.5.3 Honda Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.5.4 Honda Main Business Overview
11.5.5 Honda Latest Developments
11.6 BMW
11.6.1 BMW Company Information
11.6.2 BMW Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.6.3 BMW Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.6.4 BMW Main Business Overview
11.6.5 BMW Latest Developments
11.7 Hyundai Motor
11.7.1 Hyundai Motor Company Information
11.7.2 Hyundai Motor Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.7.3 Hyundai Motor Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.7.4 Hyundai Motor Main Business Overview
11.7.5 Hyundai Motor Latest Developments
11.8 FCA
11.8.1 FCA Company Information
11.8.2 FCA Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
11.8.3 FCA Automobile Powertrain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
11.8.4 FCA Main Business Overview
11.8.5 FCA Latest Developments
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
Table 1. Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 2. Major Players of Gasoline Powertrain System
Table 3. Major Players of Diesel Powertrain System
Table 4. Major Players of Hybrid Powertrain System
Table 5. Major Players of Flex Fuel Powertrain System
Table 6. Major Players of Others
Table 7. Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 8. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 9. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 10. Automobile Powertrain Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 11. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 12. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 13. Global Automobile Powertrain Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 14. Global Automobile Powertrain Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022)
Table 15. Automobile Powertrain Key Players Head office and Products Offered
Table 16. Automobile Powertrain Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
Table 17. New Products and Potential Entrants
Table 18. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 19. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions)
Table 20. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Table 21. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 22. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 23. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 24. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 25. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 26. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 27. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 28. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 29. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 30. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 31. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 32. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 33. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 34. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 35. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 36. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 37. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 38. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 39. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 40. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 41. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 42. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 43. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Table 44. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 45. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Automobile Powertrain
Table 46. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Automobile Powertrain
Table 47. Key Industry Trends of Automobile Powertrain
Table 48. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 49. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
Table 50. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 51. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 52. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
Table 53. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 54. Nissan Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 55. Nissan Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 56. Nissan Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 57. Nissan Main Business
Table 58. Nissan Latest Developments
Table 59. Toyota Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 60. Toyota Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 61. Toyota Main Business
Table 62. Toyota Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 63. Toyota Latest Developments
Table 64. General Motors Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 65. General Motors Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 66. General Motors Main Business
Table 67. General Motors Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 68. General Motors Latest Developments
Table 69. Ford Motor Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 70. Ford Motor Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 71. Ford Motor Main Business
Table 72. Ford Motor Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 73. Ford Motor Latest Developments
Table 74. Honda Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 75. Honda Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 76. Honda Main Business
Table 77. Honda Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 78. Honda Latest Developments
Table 79. BMW Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 80. BMW Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 81. BMW Main Business
Table 82. BMW Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 83. BMW Latest Developments
Table 84. Hyundai Motor Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 85. Hyundai Motor Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 86. Hyundai Motor Main Business
Table 87. Hyundai Motor Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 88. Hyundai Motor Latest Developments
Table 89. FCA Details, Company Type, Automobile Powertrain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 90. FCA Automobile Powertrain Product Offered
Table 91. FCA Main Business
Table 92. FCA Automobile Powertrain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
Table 93. FCA Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Automobile Powertrain Report Years Considered
Figure 2. Research Objectives
Figure 3. Research Methodology
Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 5. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 6. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 7. Automobile Powertrain in Passenger Car
Figure 8. Global Automobile Powertrain Market: Passenger Car (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Figure 9. Automobile Powertrain in Commercial Vehicle
Figure 10. Global Automobile Powertrain Market: Commercial Vehicle (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
Figure 11. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 12. Global Automobile Powertrain Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021
Figure 13. Global Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure 14. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 15. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 16. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 17. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 18. Americas Automobile Powertrain Value Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 19. Americas Automobile Powertrain Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 20. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 21. United States Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 22. Canada Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 23. Mexico Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 24. Brazil Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 25. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 26. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 27. China Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 28. Japan Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 29. Korea Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 30. Southeast Asia Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 31. India Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 32. Australia Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 33. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 34. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 35. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 36. Germany Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 37. France Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 38. UK Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 39. Italy Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 40. Russia Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 41. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 44. Egypt Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 45. South Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 46. Israel Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 47. Turkey Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 48. GCC Country Automobile Powertrain Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
Figure 49. Americas Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 50. APAC Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 51. Europe Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 52. Middle East & Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 53. United States Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 54. Canada Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 55. Mexico Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 56. Brazil Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 57. China Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 58. Japan Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 59. Korea Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 61. India Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 62. Australia Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 63. Germany Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 64. France Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 65. UK Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 66. Italy Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 67. Russia Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 68. Spain Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 69. Egypt Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 70. South Africa Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 71. Israel Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 72. Turkey Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Figure 73. GCC Countries Automobile Powertrain Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in a vehicle is used for controlling the internal temperature of the vehicle cabin. It includes three subsystems, namely, heating, cooling, and air conditioning, that work together to provide purified ai...
The global smart transportation market size was valued at $63,667 million in 2015, and is projected to reach $237,701 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 18.6% from 2016 to 2022. Smart transport consists of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) that aim ...
Forklift trucks are also referred to as lift trucks. These vehicles are used for transferring goods to a short distance. Forklift trucks were first introduced into the market in the early 20th century. After the World War, II the forklift truck market beg...