Global Engineering Vehicle Market Research Report 2019

Executive Summary

1 Engineering Vehicle Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Engineering Vehicle

1.2 Engineering Vehicle Segment by Type

1.2.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)

1.2.2 Bulldozers

1.2.3 Cranes

1.2.4 Dump Trucks

1.2.5 Others

1.3 Engineering Vehicle Segment by Application

1.3.1 Engineering Vehicle Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)

1.3.2 Building

1.3.3 Road

1.3.4 Military

1.3.5 Others

1.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Market by Region

1.3.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Market Size Region

1.3.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.3.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.3.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.3.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.3.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.3.7 India Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

1.4 Global Engineering Vehicle Market Size

1.4.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (2014-2025)

1.4.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Production (2014-2025)

2 Global Engineering Vehicle Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

2.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

2.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

2.4 Manufacturers Engineering Vehicle Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types

2.5 Engineering Vehicle Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 Engineering Vehicle Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 Engineering Vehicle Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Regions

3.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Regions

3.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)

3.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

3.4 North America Engineering Vehicle Production

3.4.1 North America Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

3.4.2 North America Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

3.5 Europe Engineering Vehicle Production

3.5.1 Europe Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

3.5.2 Europe Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

3.6 China Engineering Vehicle Production (2014-2019)

3.6.1 China Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

3.6.2 China Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

3.7 Japan Engineering Vehicle Production (2014-2019)

3.7.1 Japan Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

3.7.2 Japan Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

4 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption by Regions

4.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption by Regions

4.2 North America Engineering Vehicle Consumption (2014-2019)

4.3 Europe Engineering Vehicle Consumption (2014-2019)

4.4 China Engineering Vehicle Consumption (2014-2019)

4.5 Japan Engineering Vehicle Consumption (2014-2019)

5 Global Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type

5.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

5.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

5.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Price by Type (2014-2019)

5.4 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)

6 Global Engineering Vehicle Market Analysis by Applications

6.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

6.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)

7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Engineering Vehicle Business

7.1 Caterpillar

7.1.1 Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.1.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.1.3 Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.2 Komatsu

7.2.1 Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.2.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.2.3 Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.3 Deere

7.3.1 Deere Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.3.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.3.3 Deere Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.4 Doosan

7.4.1 Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.4.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.4.3 Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.5 Volvo Construction Equipment

7.5.1 Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.5.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.5.3 Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.6 Babcock Vehicle Engineering

7.6.1 Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.6.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.6.3 Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.7 Whelen Engineering

7.7.1 Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.7.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.7.3 Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.8 Sany

7.8.1 Sany Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.8.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.8.3 Sany Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.9 XCMG

7.9.1 XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.9.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.9.3 XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.10 KION Group

7.10.1 KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

7.10.2 Engineering Vehicle Product Introduction, Application and Specification

7.10.3 KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served

7.11 Hyster-Yale

7.12 Jungheinrich

7.13 Konecranes

8 Engineering Vehicle Manufacturing Cost Analysis

8.1 Engineering Vehicle Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Engineering Vehicle

8.4 Engineering Vehicle Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.2 Engineering Vehicle Distributors List

9.3 Engineering Vehicle Customers

10 Market Dynamics

10.1 Market Trends

10.2 Opportunities

10.3 Market Drivers

10.4 Challenges

10.5 Influence Factors

11 Global Engineering Vehicle Market Forecast

11.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue Forecast

11.1.1 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

11.1.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

11.1.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)

11.2 Global Engineering Vehicle Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)

11.2.1 North America Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)

11.2.2 Europe Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)

11.2.3 China Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)

11.2.4 Japan Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)

11.3 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)

11.3.1 North America Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)

11.3.2 Europe Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)

11.3.3 China Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)

11.3.4 Japan Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)

11.4 Global Engineering Vehicle Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

11.5 Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Methodology and Data Source

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Author List

13.4 Disclaimer

Figure Picture of Engineering Vehicle

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Types in 2018

Figure Bulldozers Product Picture

Table Bulldozers Major Manufacturers

Figure Cranes Product Picture

Table Cranes Major Manufacturers

Figure Dump Trucks Product Picture

Table Dump Trucks Major Manufacturers

Figure Others Product Picture

Table Others Major Manufacturers

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018

Figure Building

Figure Road

Figure Military

Figure Others

Table Engineering Vehicle Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) (2014-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

Figure Engineering Vehicle Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018

Table Global Market Engineering Vehicle Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)

Figure Global Market Engineering Vehicle Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2018

Table Manufacturers Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Manufacturers Engineering Vehicle Product Types

Figure Engineering Vehicle Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Figure Engineering Vehicle Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share by Region in 2018

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Table North America Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Table Europe Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Table China Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Table Japan Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) by Type (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production Share by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Production Market Share of Engineering Vehicle by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Production Market Share of Engineering Vehicle by Type in 2018

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Revenue Share of Engineering Vehicle by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Engineering Vehicle by Type in 2018

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) by Application (2014-2019)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)

Table Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Caterpillar Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Caterpillar Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Caterpillar Main Business and Markets Served

Table Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Komatsu Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Komatsu Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Komatsu Main Business and Markets Served

Table Deere Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Deere Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Deere Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Deere Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Deere Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Deere Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Deere Main Business and Markets Served

Table Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Doosan Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Doosan Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Doosan Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Doosan Main Business and Markets Served

Table Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Volvo Construction Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Volvo Construction Equipment Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Volvo Construction Equipment Main Business and Markets Served

Table Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Babcock Vehicle Engineering Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Babcock Vehicle Engineering Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Babcock Vehicle Engineering Main Business and Markets Served

Table Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Whelen Engineering Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Whelen Engineering Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Whelen Engineering Main Business and Markets Served

Table Sany Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table Sany Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table Sany Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure Sany Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure Sany Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure Sany Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table Sany Main Business and Markets Served

Table XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table XCMG Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure XCMG Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure XCMG Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table XCMG Main Business and Markets Served

Table KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production Sites and Area Served

Table KION Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification

Table KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Figure KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)

Figure KION Group Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share (2014-2019)

Figure KION Group Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)

Table KION Group Main Business and Markets Served

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Engineering Vehicle

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Engineering Vehicle

Figure Engineering Vehicle Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Engineering Vehicle Distributors List

Table Engineering Vehicle Customers List

Table Market Key Trends

Table Key Opportunities

Table Market Key Drivers

Table Key Challenges

Table Key Influence Factors

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)

Figure North America Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Europe Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure China Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Figure Japan Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)

Table Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)

Figure Global Engineering Vehicle Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources