Global Miva Consulting Service Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2022-2028

1.1 Market Introduction

1.2 Years Considered

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Market Research Methodology

1.5 Research Process and Data Source

1.6 Economic Indicators

1.7 Currency Considered

2 Executive Summary

2.1 World Market Overview

2.1.1 Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2017-2028

2.1.2 Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Region 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028

2.2 Miva Consulting Service Segment by Type

2.2.1 Online Service

2.2.2 Offline Service

2.3 Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type

2.3.1 Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.3.2 Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.4 Miva Consulting Service Segment by Application

2.4.1 Large Enterprises

2.4.2 SMEs

2.5 Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application

2.5.1 Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.5.2 Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

3 Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Player

3.1 Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Players

3.1.1 Global Miva Consulting Service Revenue by Players (2020-2022)

3.1.2 Global Miva Consulting Service Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2022)

3.2 Global Miva Consulting Service Key Players Head office and Products Offered

3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants

3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 Miva Consulting Service by Regions

4.1 Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Regions (2017-2022)

4.2 Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.3 APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.4 Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.5 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

5 Americas

5.1 Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Country (2017-2022)

5.2 Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

5.3 Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

5.4 United States

5.5 Canada

5.6 Mexico

5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Region (2017-2022)

6.2 APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

6.3 APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

6.4 China

6.5 Japan

6.6 Korea

6.7 Southeast Asia

6.8 India

6.9 Australia

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Miva Consulting Service by Country (2017-2022)

7.2 Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

7.3 Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

7.4 Germany

7.5 France

7.6 UK

7.7 Italy

7.8 Russia

8 Middle East & Africa

8.1 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service by Region (2017-2022)

8.2 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

8.3 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

8.4 Egypt

8.5 South Africa

8.6 Israel

8.7 Turkey

8.8 GCC Countries

9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

9.3 Industry Trends

10 Global Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.1 Global Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.1 Global Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.2 Americas Miva Consulting Service Forecast

10.1.3 APAC Miva Consulting Service Forecast

10.1.4 Europe Miva Consulting Service Forecast

10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Forecast

10.2 Americas Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.2.1 United States Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.2.2 Canada Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.2.3 Mexico Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.2.4 Brazil Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3 APAC Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.3.1 China Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3.2 Japan Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3.3 Korea Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3.4 Southeast Asia Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3.5 India Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.3.6 Australia Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.4 Europe Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.4.1 Germany Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.4.2 France Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.4.3 UK Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.4.4 Italy Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.4.5 Russia Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.5 Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.5.1 Egypt Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.5.2 South Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.5.3 Israel Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.5.4 Turkey Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.5.5 GCC Countries Miva Consulting Service Market Forecast

10.6 Global Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

10.7 Global Miva Consulting Service Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

11 Key Players Analysis

11.1 216digital

11.1.1 216digital Company Information

11.1.2 216digital Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.1.3 216digital Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.1.4 216digital Main Business Overview

11.1.5 216digital Latest Developments

11.2 2C Development Group

11.2.1 2C Development Group Company Information

11.2.2 2C Development Group Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.2.3 2C Development Group Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.2.4 2C Development Group Main Business Overview

11.2.5 2C Development Group Latest Developments

11.3 5D Spectrum

11.3.1 5D Spectrum Company Information

11.3.2 5D Spectrum Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.3.3 5D Spectrum Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.3.4 5D Spectrum Main Business Overview

11.3.5 5D Spectrum Latest Developments

11.4 BIZSPICE

11.4.1 BIZSPICE Company Information

11.4.2 BIZSPICE Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.4.3 BIZSPICE Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.4.4 BIZSPICE Main Business Overview

11.4.5 BIZSPICE Latest Developments

11.5 Command C

11.5.1 Command C Company Information

11.5.2 Command C Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.5.3 Command C Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.5.4 Command C Main Business Overview

11.5.5 Command C Latest Developments

11.6 Glendale Designs

11.6.1 Glendale Designs Company Information

11.6.2 Glendale Designs Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.6.3 Glendale Designs Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.6.4 Glendale Designs Main Business Overview

11.6.5 Glendale Designs Latest Developments

11.7 IWD Agency

11.7.1 IWD Agency Company Information

11.7.2 IWD Agency Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.7.3 IWD Agency Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.7.4 IWD Agency Main Business Overview

11.7.5 IWD Agency Latest Developments

11.8 Leslie Kirk

11.8.1 Leslie Kirk Company Information

11.8.2 Leslie Kirk Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.8.3 Leslie Kirk Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.8.4 Leslie Kirk Main Business Overview

11.8.5 Leslie Kirk Latest Developments

11.9 NetBlazon

11.9.1 NetBlazon Company Information

11.9.2 NetBlazon Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.9.3 NetBlazon Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.9.4 NetBlazon Main Business Overview

11.9.5 NetBlazon Latest Developments

11.10 Talyloe/Gray

11.10.1 Talyloe/Gray Company Information

11.10.2 Talyloe/Gray Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.10.3 Talyloe/Gray Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.10.4 Talyloe/Gray Main Business Overview

11.10.5 Talyloe/Gray Latest Developments

11.11 Ventura Web Design & Marketing

11.11.1 Ventura Web Design & Marketing Company Information

11.11.2 Ventura Web Design & Marketing Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

11.11.3 Ventura Web Design & Marketing Miva Consulting Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.11.4 Ventura Web Design & Marketing Main Business Overview

11.11.5 Ventura Web Design & Marketing Latest Developments

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

Table 1. Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 2. Major Players of Online Service

Table 3. Major Players of Offline Service

Table 4. Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 5. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 6. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 7. Miva Consulting Service Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 8. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 9. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 10. Global Miva Consulting Service Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 11. Global Miva Consulting Service Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022)

Table 12. Miva Consulting Service Key Players Head office and Products Offered

Table 13. Miva Consulting Service Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

Table 14. New Products and Potential Entrants

Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Table 16. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions)

Table 17. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Table 18. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 19. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 20. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 21. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 22. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 23. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 24. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 25. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 26. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 27. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 28. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 29. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 30. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 31. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 32. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 33. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 34. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 35. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 36. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 37. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 38. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 39. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 40. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 41. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 42. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Miva Consulting Service

Table 43. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Miva Consulting Service

Table 44. Key Industry Trends of Miva Consulting Service

Table 45. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 46. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

Table 47. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 48. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 49. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 50. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 51. 216digital Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 52. 216digital Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 53. 216digital Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 54. 216digital Main Business

Table 55. 216digital Latest Developments

Table 56. 2C Development Group Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 57. 2C Development Group Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 58. 2C Development Group Main Business

Table 59. 2C Development Group Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 60. 2C Development Group Latest Developments

Table 61. 5D Spectrum Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 62. 5D Spectrum Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 63. 5D Spectrum Main Business

Table 64. 5D Spectrum Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 65. 5D Spectrum Latest Developments

Table 66. BIZSPICE Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 67. BIZSPICE Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 68. BIZSPICE Main Business

Table 69. BIZSPICE Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 70. BIZSPICE Latest Developments

Table 71. Command C Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 72. Command C Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 73. Command C Main Business

Table 74. Command C Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 75. Command C Latest Developments

Table 76. Glendale Designs Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 77. Glendale Designs Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 78. Glendale Designs Main Business

Table 79. Glendale Designs Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 80. Glendale Designs Latest Developments

Table 81. IWD Agency Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 82. IWD Agency Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 83. IWD Agency Main Business

Table 84. IWD Agency Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 85. IWD Agency Latest Developments

Table 86. Leslie Kirk Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 87. Leslie Kirk Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 88. Leslie Kirk Main Business

Table 89. Leslie Kirk Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 90. Leslie Kirk Latest Developments

Table 91. NetBlazon Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 92. NetBlazon Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 93. NetBlazon Main Business

Table 94. NetBlazon Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 95. NetBlazon Latest Developments

Table 96. Talyloe/Gray Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 97. Talyloe/Gray Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 98. Talyloe/Gray Main Business

Table 99. Talyloe/Gray Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 100. Talyloe/Gray Latest Developments

Table 101. Ventura Web Design & Marketing Details, Company Type, Miva Consulting Service Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 102. Ventura Web Design & Marketing Miva Consulting Service Product Offered

Table 103. Ventura Web Design & Marketing Miva Consulting Service Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 104. Ventura Web Design & Marketing Main Business

Table 105. Ventura Web Design & Marketing Latest Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Miva Consulting Service Report Years Considered

Figure 2. Research Objectives

Figure 3. Research Methodology

Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source

Figure 5. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 6. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 7. Miva Consulting Service in Large Enterprises

Figure 8. Global Miva Consulting Service Market: Large Enterprises (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 9. Miva Consulting Service in SMEs

Figure 10. Global Miva Consulting Service Market: SMEs (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 11. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 12. Global Miva Consulting Service Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021

Figure 13. Global Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure 14. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 15. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 16. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 17. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 18. Americas Miva Consulting Service Value Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 19. Americas Miva Consulting Service Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 20. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 21. United States Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 22. Canada Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 23. Mexico Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 24. Brazil Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 25. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 26. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 27. China Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 28. Japan Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 29. Korea Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 30. Southeast Asia Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 31. India Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 32. Australia Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 33. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 34. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 35. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 36. Germany Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 37. France Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 38. UK Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 39. Italy Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 40. Russia Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 41. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 44. Egypt Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 45. South Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 46. Israel Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 47. Turkey Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 48. GCC Country Miva Consulting Service Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 49. Americas Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 50. APAC Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 51. Europe Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 52. Middle East & Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 53. United States Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 54. Canada Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 55. Mexico Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 56. Brazil Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 57. China Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 58. Japan Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 59. Korea Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 60. Southeast Asia Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 61. India Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 62. Australia Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 63. Germany Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 64. France Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 65. UK Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 66. Italy Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 67. Russia Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 68. Spain Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 69. Egypt Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 70. South Africa Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 71. Israel Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 72. Turkey Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 73. GCC Countries Miva Consulting Service Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)