Global Tight Gas Market Growth 2022-2028

1.1 Market Introduction

1.2 Years Considered

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Market Research Methodology

1.5 Research Process and Data Source

1.6 Economic Indicators

1.7 Currency Considered

2 Executive Summary

2.1 World Market Overview

2.1.1 Global Tight Gas Annual Sales 2017-2028

2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Tight Gas by Geographic Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028

2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Tight Gas by Country/Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028

2.2 Tight Gas Segment by Type

2.2.1 Processed Tight Gas

2.2.2 Unprocessed Tight Gas

2.3 Tight Gas Sales by Type

2.3.1 Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.3.2 Global Tight Gas Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.3.3 Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Type (2017-2022)

2.4 Tight Gas Segment by Application

2.4.1 Residential

2.4.2 Commercial

2.4.3 Industrial Production

2.4.4 Power Generation

2.4.5 Others

2.5 Tight Gas Sales by Application

2.5.1 Global Tight Gas Sale Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

2.5.2 Global Tight Gas Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

2.5.3 Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Application (2017-2022)

3 Global Tight Gas by Company

3.1 Global Tight Gas Breakdown Data by Company

3.1.1 Global Tight Gas Annual Sales by Company (2020-2022)

3.1.2 Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

3.2 Global Tight Gas Annual Revenue by Company (2020-2022)

3.2.1 Global Tight Gas Revenue by Company (2020-2022)

3.2.2 Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

3.3 Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Company

3.4 Key Manufacturers Tight Gas Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Tight Gas Product Location Distribution

3.4.2 Players Tight Gas Products Offered

3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants

3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 World Historic Review for Tight Gas by Geographic Region

4.1 World Historic Tight Gas Market Size by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

4.1.1 Global Tight Gas Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

4.1.2 Global Tight Gas Annual Revenue by Geographic Region

4.2 World Historic Tight Gas Market Size by Country/Region (2017-2022)

4.2.1 Global Tight Gas Annual Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022)

4.2.2 Global Tight Gas Annual Revenue by Country/Region

4.3 Americas Tight Gas Sales Growth

4.4 APAC Tight Gas Sales Growth

4.5 Europe Tight Gas Sales Growth

4.6 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Growth

5 Americas

5.1 Americas Tight Gas Sales by Country

5.1.1 Americas Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022)

5.1.2 Americas Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

5.2 Americas Tight Gas Sales by Type

5.3 Americas Tight Gas Sales by Application

5.4 United States

5.5 Canada

5.6 Mexico

5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Tight Gas Sales by Region

6.1.1 APAC Tight Gas Sales by Region (2017-2022)

6.1.2 APAC Tight Gas Revenue by Region (2017-2022)

6.2 APAC Tight Gas Sales by Type

6.3 APAC Tight Gas Sales by Application

6.4 China

6.5 Japan

6.6 South Korea

6.7 Southeast Asia

6.8 India

6.9 Australia

6.10 China Taiwan

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Tight Gas by Country

7.1.1 Europe Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022)

7.1.2 Europe Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

7.2 Europe Tight Gas Sales by Type

7.3 Europe Tight Gas Sales by Application

7.4 Germany

7.5 France

7.6 UK

7.7 Italy

7.8 Russia

8 Middle East & Africa

8.1 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas by Country

8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022)

8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

8.2 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Type

8.3 Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Application

8.4 Egypt

8.5 South Africa

8.6 Israel

8.7 Turkey

8.8 GCC Countries

9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

9.3 Industry Trends

10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers

10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Tight Gas

10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tight Gas

10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Tight Gas

11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer

11.1 Sales Channel

11.1.1 Direct Channels

11.1.2 Indirect Channels

11.2 Tight Gas Distributors

11.3 Tight Gas Customer

12 World Forecast Review for Tight Gas by Geographic Region

12.1 Global Tight Gas Market Size Forecast by Region

12.1.1 Global Tight Gas Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

12.1.2 Global Tight Gas Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

12.2 Americas Forecast by Country

12.3 APAC Forecast by Region

12.4 Europe Forecast by Country

12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country

12.6 Global Tight Gas Forecast by Type

12.7 Global Tight Gas Forecast by Application

13 Key Players Analysis

13.1 Exxon Mobil

13.1.1 Exxon Mobil Company Information

13.1.2 Exxon Mobil Tight Gas Product Offered

13.1.3 Exxon Mobil Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.1.4 Exxon Mobil Main Business Overview

13.1.5 Exxon Mobil Latest Developments

13.2 Royal Dutch Shell

13.2.1 Royal Dutch Shell Company Information

13.2.2 Royal Dutch Shell Tight Gas Product Offered

13.2.3 Royal Dutch Shell Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.2.4 Royal Dutch Shell Main Business Overview

13.2.5 Royal Dutch Shell Latest Developments

13.3 Chevron

13.3.1 Chevron Company Information

13.3.2 Chevron Tight Gas Product Offered

13.3.3 Chevron Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.3.4 Chevron Main Business Overview

13.3.5 Chevron Latest Developments

13.4 CNPC

13.4.1 CNPC Company Information

13.4.2 CNPC Tight Gas Product Offered

13.4.3 CNPC Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.4.4 CNPC Main Business Overview

13.4.5 CNPC Latest Developments

13.5 Sinopec Group

13.5.1 Sinopec Group Company Information

13.5.2 Sinopec Group Tight Gas Product Offered

13.5.3 Sinopec Group Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.5.4 Sinopec Group Main Business Overview

13.5.5 Sinopec Group Latest Developments

13.6 Canadian Natural

13.6.1 Canadian Natural Company Information

13.6.2 Canadian Natural Tight Gas Product Offered

13.6.3 Canadian Natural Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.6.4 Canadian Natural Main Business Overview

13.6.5 Canadian Natural Latest Developments

13.7 YPF

13.7.1 YPF Company Information

13.7.2 YPF Tight Gas Product Offered

13.7.3 YPF Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.7.4 YPF Main Business Overview

13.7.5 YPF Latest Developments

13.8 Valeura Energy

13.8.1 Valeura Energy Company Information

13.8.2 Valeura Energy Tight Gas Product Offered

13.8.3 Valeura Energy Tight Gas Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.8.4 Valeura Energy Main Business Overview

13.8.5 Valeura Energy Latest Developments

14 Research Findings and Conclusion

Table 1. Tight Gas Annual Sales CAGR by Geographic Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Table 2. Tight Gas Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Table 3. Major Players of Processed Tight Gas

Table 4. Major Players of Unprocessed Tight Gas

Table 5. Global Tight Gas Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 6. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 7. Global Tight Gas Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & ($ million)

Table 8. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 9. Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/ft3)

Table 10. Global Tight Gas Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 11. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 12. Global Tight Gas Revenue by Application (2017-2022)

Table 13. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 14. Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/ft3)

Table 15. Global Tight Gas Sales by Company (2020-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 16. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

Table 17. Global Tight Gas Revenue by Company (2020-2022) ($ Millions)

Table 18. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

Table 19. Global Tight Gas Sale Price by Company (2020-2022) & (USD/ft3)

Table 20. Key Manufacturers Tight Gas Producing Area Distribution and Sales Area

Table 21. Players Tight Gas Products Offered

Table 22. Tight Gas Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

Table 23. New Products and Potential Entrants

Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Table 25. Global Tight Gas Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 26. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Table 27. Global Tight Gas Revenue by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)

Table 28. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Table 29. Global Tight Gas Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 30. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)

Table 31. Global Tight Gas Revenue by Country/Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)

Table 32. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)

Table 33. Americas Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 34. Americas Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 35. Americas Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 36. Americas Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 37. Americas Tight Gas Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 38. Americas Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 39. Americas Tight Gas Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 40. Americas Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 41. APAC Tight Gas Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 42. APAC Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 43. APAC Tight Gas Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 44. APAC Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 45. APAC Tight Gas Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 46. APAC Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 47. APAC Tight Gas Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 48. APAC Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 49. Europe Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 50. Europe Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 51. Europe Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 52. Europe Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 53. Europe Tight Gas Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 54. Europe Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 55. Europe Tight Gas Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 56. Europe Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 57. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 58. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 59. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 60. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 61. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 62. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 63. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Table 64. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 65. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Tight Gas

Table 66. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Tight Gas

Table 67. Key Industry Trends of Tight Gas

Table 68. Tight Gas Raw Material

Table 69. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Table 70. Tight Gas Distributors List

Table 71. Tight Gas Customer List

Table 72. Global Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 73. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Forecast by Region

Table 74. Global Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 75. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

Table 76. Americas Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 77. Americas Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 78. APAC Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 79. APAC Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 80. Europe Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 81. Europe Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 82. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 83. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 84. Global Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 85. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 86. Global Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 87. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 88. Global Tight Gas Sales Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (Bcf)

Table 89. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 90. Global Tight Gas Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 91. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 92. Exxon Mobil Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 93. Exxon Mobil Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 94. Exxon Mobil Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 95. Exxon Mobil Main Business

Table 96. Exxon Mobil Latest Developments

Table 97. Royal Dutch Shell Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 98. Royal Dutch Shell Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 99. Royal Dutch Shell Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 100. Royal Dutch Shell Main Business

Table 101. Royal Dutch Shell Latest Developments

Table 102. Chevron Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 103. Chevron Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 104. Chevron Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 105. Chevron Main Business

Table 106. Chevron Latest Developments

Table 107. CNPC Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 108. CNPC Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 109. CNPC Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 110. CNPC Main Business

Table 111. CNPC Latest Developments

Table 112. Sinopec Group Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 113. Sinopec Group Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 114. Sinopec Group Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 115. Sinopec Group Main Business

Table 116. Sinopec Group Latest Developments

Table 117. Canadian Natural Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 118. Canadian Natural Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 119. Canadian Natural Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 120. Canadian Natural Main Business

Table 121. Canadian Natural Latest Developments

Table 122. YPF Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 123. YPF Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 124. YPF Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 125. YPF Main Business

Table 126. YPF Latest Developments

Table 127. Valeura Energy Basic Information, Tight Gas Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 128. Valeura Energy Tight Gas Product Offered

Table 129. Valeura Energy Tight Gas Sales (Bcf), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/ft3) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 130. Valeura Energy Main Business

Table 131. Valeura Energy Latest Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Picture of Tight Gas

Figure 2. Tight Gas Report Years Considered

Figure 3. Research Objectives

Figure 4. Research Methodology

Figure 5. Research Process and Data Source

Figure 6. Global Tight Gas Sales Growth Rate 2017-2028 (Bcf)

Figure 7. Global Tight Gas Revenue Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 8. Tight Gas Sales by Region (2021 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Figure 9. Product Picture of Processed Tight Gas

Figure 10. Product Picture of Unprocessed Tight Gas

Figure 11. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 12. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Figure 13. Tight Gas Consumed in Residential

Figure 14. Global Tight Gas Market: Residential (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Figure 15. Tight Gas Consumed in Commercial

Figure 16. Global Tight Gas Market: Commercial (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Figure 17. Tight Gas Consumed in Industrial Production

Figure 18. Global Tight Gas Market: Industrial Production (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Figure 19. Tight Gas Consumed in Power Generation

Figure 20. Global Tight Gas Market: Power Generation (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Figure 21. Tight Gas Consumed in Others

Figure 22. Global Tight Gas Market: Others (2017-2022) & (Bcf)

Figure 23. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Figure 24. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 25. Tight Gas Revenue Market by Company in 2021 ($ Million)

Figure 26. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021

Figure 27. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Figure 28. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region in 2021

Figure 29. Global Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Figure 30. Global Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country/Region in 2021

Figure 31. Americas Tight Gas Sales 2017-2022 (Bcf)

Figure 32. Americas Tight Gas Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 33. APAC Tight Gas Sales 2017-2022 (Bcf)

Figure 34. APAC Tight Gas Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 35. Europe Tight Gas Sales 2017-2022 (Bcf)

Figure 36. Europe Tight Gas Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 37. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales 2017-2022 (Bcf)

Figure 38. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 39. Americas Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 40. Americas Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 41. United States Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 42. Canada Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 43. Mexico Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 44. Brazil Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 45. APAC Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 46. APAC Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021

Figure 47. China Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 48. Japan Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 49. South Korea Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 50. Southeast Asia Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 51. India Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 52. Australia Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 53. Europe Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 54. Europe Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 55. Germany Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 56. France Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 57. UK Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 58. Italy Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 59. Russia Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 60. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 61. Middle East & Africa Tight Gas Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 62. Egypt Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 63. South Africa Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 64. Israel Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 65. Turkey Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 66. GCC Country Tight Gas Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 67. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Tight Gas in 2021

Figure 68. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tight Gas

Figure 69. Industry Chain Structure of Tight Gas

Figure 70. Channels of Distribution

Figure 71. Distributors Profiles