Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

Chapter 1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics

1.2 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Segmentation by Type in 2016

1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type in 2016

1.2.1 Type 1

1.2.2 Type 2

1.2.3 Type 3

1.3 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Segmentation by Application in 2016

1.3.1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

1.3.2 Application 1

1.3.3 Application 2

1.3.4 Application 3

1.4 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Segmentation by Regions

1.4.1 North America

1.4.2 China

1.4.3 Europe

1.4.4 Southeast Asia

1.4.5 Japan

1.4.6 India

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics (2013-2023)

1.5.1 Global Product Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

1.5.2 Global Product Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Industry

2.1 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis

2.1.1 Global Macroeconomic Analysis

2.1.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

2.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis by Regions

Chapter 3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Competition by Manufacturers

3.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.2 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Average Price by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.4 Manufacturers Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Manufacturing Base Distribution, Production Area and Product Type

3.5 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Competitive Situation and Trends

3.5.1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Concentration Rate

3.5.2 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

3.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Chapter 4 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2013-2018)

4.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production by Region (2013-2018)

4.2 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

4.3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

4.4 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.5 North America Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.5.1 North AmericaCardiology Point-of-Care (POC) DiagnosticsProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.5.2 North AmericaCardiology Point-of-Care (POC) DiagnosticsProduction and Market Share by Type

4.5.3 North AmericaCardiology Point-of-Care (POC) DiagnosticsProduction and Market Share by Application

4.6 Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.6.1 EuropeCardiology Point-of-Care (POC) DiagnosticsProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.6.2 Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type

4.6.3 Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Application

4.7 China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.7.1 ChinaCardiology Point-of-Care (POC) DiagnosticsProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.7.2 China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type

4.7.3 China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Application

4.8 Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.8.1 Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.8.2 Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type

4.8.3 Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Application

4.9 Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.9.1 Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.9.2 Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type

4.9.3 Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Application

4.10 India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.10.1 India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.10.2 India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type

4.10.3 India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Application

Chapter 5 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption by Regions (2013-2018)

5.2 North America Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.3 Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.4 China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.5 Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.6 Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.7 India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

Chapter 6 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

6.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

6.2 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

6.3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Price by Type (2013-2018)

6.4 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

Chapter 7 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Analysis by Application

7.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

7.2 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

7.3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

7.4 Market Drivers and Opportunities

7.4.1 Potential Applications

7.4.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

Chapter 8 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Manufacturers Analysis

8.1 company 1

8.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.1.4 Business Overview

8.2 company 2

8.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.2.4 Business Overview

8.3 company 3

8.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.3.4 Business Overview

8.4 company 4

8.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.4.4 Business Overview

8.5 company 5

8.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.5.4 Business Overview

8.6 company 6

8.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.6.4 Business Overview

8.7 company 7

8.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.7.4 Business Overview

8.8 company 8

8.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.8.4 Business Overview

8.9 company 9

8.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.9.4 Business Overview

…

Chapter 9 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Manufacturing Cost Analysis

9.1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Key Raw Materials Analysis

9.1.1 Key Raw Materials

9.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

9.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

9.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

9.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

9.2.1 Raw Materials

9.2.2 Labor Cost

9.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

9.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics

Chapter 10 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

10.1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Industrial Chain Analysis

10.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

10.3 Raw Materials Sources of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Major Manufacturers in 2016

10.4 Downstream Buyers

Chapter 11 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

11.1 Marketing Channel

11.1.1 Direct Marketing

11.1.2 Indirect Marketing

11.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

11.2 Market Positioning

11.2.1 Pricing Strategy

11.2.2 Brand Strategy

11.2.3 Target Client

11.3 Distributors/Traders List

Chapter 12 Market Effect Factors Analysis

12.1 Technology Progress/Risk

12.1.1 Substitutes Threat

12.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

12.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

12.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

Chapter 13 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Forecast (2018-2023)

13.1 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2023)

13.2 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

13.3 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)

13.4 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)

13.5 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Price Forecast (2018-2023)

Chapter 14 Appendix

Figure Global Production Market Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type 2016

Figure Product Picture of Type I

Table Major Manufacturers of Type I

Figure Product Picture of Type II

Table Major Manufacturers of Type II

Figure Product Picture of Type III

Table Major Manufacturers of Type III

Table Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure Application 3 Examples

Figure North America Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure 2015 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table 2015 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Market Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure Global Market Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Table Manufacturers Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table Manufacturers Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Product Type

Figure Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers

Figure Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Capacity Market Share by Regions

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Market Share by Regions

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Table 2015 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Market Share by Regions

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table North America Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market by Regions (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Regions

Table North America Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Europe Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table China Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Japan Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table India Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Market Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Revenue Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics by Type

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Price by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption by Application (2013-2018)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Table company 1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 1 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 2 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 2 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 2 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 3 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 3 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 3 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 4 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 4 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 4 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 5 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 5 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 5 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 6 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 6 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 6 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 7 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 7 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 7 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 8 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 8 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 8 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 9 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 9 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 9 Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Market Share (2013-2018)

…

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics

Figure Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Major Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)

Figure Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)

Table Global Cardiology Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostics Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)