Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

Chapter 1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant

1.2 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Segmentation by Type in 2016

1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type in 2016

1.2.1 Type 1

1.2.2 Type 2

1.2.3 Type 3

1.3 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Segmentation by Application in 2016

1.3.1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

1.3.2 Application 1

1.3.3 Application 2

1.3.4 Application 3

1.4 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Segmentation by Regions

1.4.1 North America

1.4.2 China

1.4.3 Europe

1.4.4 Southeast Asia

1.4.5 Japan

1.4.6 India

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant (2013-2023)

1.5.1 Global Product Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

1.5.2 Global Product Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Industry

2.1 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis

2.1.1 Global Macroeconomic Analysis

2.1.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

2.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis by Regions

Chapter 3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Competition by Manufacturers

3.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.2 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Average Price by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

3.4 Manufacturers Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Manufacturing Base Distribution, Production Area and Product Type

3.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Competitive Situation and Trends

3.5.1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Concentration Rate

3.5.2 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

3.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Chapter 4 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2013-2018)

4.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production by Region (2013-2018)

4.2 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

4.3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

4.4 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.5 North America Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.5.1 North AmericaAlumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame RetardantProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.5.2 North AmericaAlumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame RetardantProduction and Market Share by Type

4.5.3 North AmericaAlumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame RetardantProduction and Market Share by Application

4.6 Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.6.1 EuropeAlumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame RetardantProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.6.2 Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type

4.6.3 Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Application

4.7 China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.7.1 ChinaAlumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame RetardantProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.7.2 China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type

4.7.3 China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Application

4.8 Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.8.1 Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.8.2 Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type

4.8.3 Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Application

4.9 Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.9.1 Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.9.2 Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type

4.9.3 Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Application

4.10 India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4.10.1 India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.10.2 India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type

4.10.3 India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Application

Chapter 5 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption by Regions (2013-2018)

5.2 North America Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.3 Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.4 China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.5 Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.6 Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

5.7 India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

Chapter 6 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

6.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

6.2 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

6.3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Price by Type (2013-2018)

6.4 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

Chapter 7 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Analysis by Application

7.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

7.2 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

7.3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

7.4 Market Drivers and Opportunities

7.4.1 Potential Applications

7.4.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

Chapter 8 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Manufacturers Analysis

8.1 company 1

8.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.1.4 Business Overview

8.2 company 2

8.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.2.4 Business Overview

8.3 company 3

8.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.3.4 Business Overview

8.4 company 4

8.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.4.4 Business Overview

8.5 company 5

8.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.5.4 Business Overview

8.6 company 6

8.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.6.4 Business Overview

8.7 company 7

8.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.7.4 Business Overview

8.8 company 8

8.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.8.4 Business Overview

8.9 company 9

8.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

8.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

8.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

8.9.4 Business Overview

…

Chapter 9 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Manufacturing Cost Analysis

9.1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Key Raw Materials Analysis

9.1.1 Key Raw Materials

9.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

9.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

9.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

9.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

9.2.1 Raw Materials

9.2.2 Labor Cost

9.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

9.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant

Chapter 10 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

10.1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Industrial Chain Analysis

10.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

10.3 Raw Materials Sources of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Major Manufacturers in 2016

10.4 Downstream Buyers

Chapter 11 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

11.1 Marketing Channel

11.1.1 Direct Marketing

11.1.2 Indirect Marketing

11.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

11.2 Market Positioning

11.2.1 Pricing Strategy

11.2.2 Brand Strategy

11.2.3 Target Client

11.3 Distributors/Traders List

Chapter 12 Market Effect Factors Analysis

12.1 Technology Progress/Risk

12.1.1 Substitutes Threat

12.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

12.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

12.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

Chapter 13 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Forecast (2018-2023)

13.1 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2023)

13.2 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

13.3 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)

13.4 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)

13.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Price Forecast (2018-2023)

Chapter 14 Appendix

Figure Global Production Market Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type 2016

Figure Product Picture of Type I

Table Major Manufacturers of Type I

Figure Product Picture of Type II

Table Major Manufacturers of Type II

Figure Product Picture of Type III

Table Major Manufacturers of Type III

Table Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure Application 3 Examples

Figure North America Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure 2015 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Table 2015 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Market Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)

Figure Global Market Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Table Manufacturers Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table Manufacturers Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Product Type

Figure Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers

Figure Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Capacity Market Share by Regions

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Market Share by Regions

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Table 2015 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Market Share by Regions

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table North America Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market by Regions (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Regions

Table North America Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Europe Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table China Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Japan Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table India Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Market Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Revenue Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant by Type

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Price by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption by Application (2013-2018)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Table company 1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 2 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 2 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 2 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 3 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 3 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 3 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 4 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 4 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 4 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 5 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 6 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 6 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 6 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 7 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 7 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 7 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 8 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 8 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 8 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

Table company 9 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors

Table company 9 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table company 9 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market Share (2013-2018)

…

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant

Figure Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Major Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)

Figure Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)

Table Global Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)