Request for Covid-19 Impact Assessment of this Report
The global Static Road Roller market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Static Road Roller volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Static Road Roller market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan.
At company level, this report focuses on the production capacity, ex-factory price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer covered in this report.
The following manufacturers are covered:
BOMAG
Caterpillar
Dynapac
Volvo
Wirtgen
Xugong
Liugong
Shantui
YTO
Sany
Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Segment by Type
Single Drum Vibratory Road Roller
Double Drum Vibratory Road Roller
Others
Segment by Application
Roads Building
Industrial Yards Construction
Sites Development
Other
Executive Summary
1 Static Road Roller Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Static Road Roller
1.2 Static Road Roller Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Single Drum Vibratory Road Roller
1.2.3 Double Drum Vibratory Road Roller
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Static Road Roller Segment by Application
1.3.1 Static Road Roller Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Roads Building
1.3.3 Industrial Yards Construction
1.3.4 Sites Development
1.3.5 Other
1.3 Global Static Road Roller Market by Region
1.3.1 Global Static Road Roller Market Size Region
1.3.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.3.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.3.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.3.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.3.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.3.7 India Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4 Global Static Road Roller Market Size
1.4.1 Global Static Road Roller Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Static Road Roller Production (2014-2025)
2 Global Static Road Roller Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Static Road Roller Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Static Road Roller Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers Static Road Roller Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 Static Road Roller Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Static Road Roller Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Static Road Roller Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America Static Road Roller Production
3.4.1 North America Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe Static Road Roller Production
3.5.1 Europe Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China Static Road Roller Production (2014-2019)
3.6.1 China Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan Static Road Roller Production (2014-2019)
3.7.1 Japan Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global Static Road Roller Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Static Road Roller Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America Static Road Roller Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Static Road Roller Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China Static Road Roller Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan Static Road Roller Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global Static Road Roller Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global Static Road Roller Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global Static Road Roller Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Static Road Roller Business
7.1 BOMAG
7.1.1 BOMAG Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 BOMAG Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 Caterpillar
7.2.1 Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 Dynapac
7.3.1 Dynapac Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 Dynapac Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Volvo
7.4.1 Volvo Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Volvo Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Wirtgen
7.5.1 Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 Xugong
7.6.1 Xugong Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 Xugong Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Liugong
7.7.1 Liugong Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Liugong Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Shantui
7.8.1 Shantui Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Shantui Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 YTO
7.9.1 YTO Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 YTO Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.10 Sany
7.10.1 Sany Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
7.10.2 Static Road Roller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.10.3 Sany Static Road Roller Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8 Static Road Roller Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Static Road Roller Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Static Road Roller
8.4 Static Road Roller Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 Static Road Roller Distributors List
9.3 Static Road Roller Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global Static Road Roller Market Forecast
11.1 Global Static Road Roller Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global Static Road Roller Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global Static Road Roller Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global Static Road Roller Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America Static Road Roller Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe Static Road Roller Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China Static Road Roller Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan Static Road Roller Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global Static Road Roller Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
Figure Picture of Static Road Roller
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Single Drum Vibratory Road Roller Product Picture
Table Single Drum Vibratory Road Roller Major Manufacturers
Figure Double Drum Vibratory Road Roller Product Picture
Table Double Drum Vibratory Road Roller Major Manufacturers
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Others Major Manufacturers
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Roads Building
Figure Industrial Yards Construction
Figure Sites Development
Figure Other
Table Static Road Roller Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Static Road Roller Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market Static Road Roller Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market Static Road Roller Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers Static Road Roller Product Types
Figure Static Road Roller Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure Static Road Roller Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Static Road Roller by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Static Road Roller by Type in 2018
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of Static Road Roller by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Static Road Roller by Type in 2018
Table Global Static Road Roller Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table BOMAG Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table BOMAG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BOMAG Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure BOMAG Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure BOMAG Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure BOMAG Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table BOMAG Main Business and Markets Served
Table Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Caterpillar Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Caterpillar Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Caterpillar Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Caterpillar Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dynapac Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dynapac Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dynapac Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Dynapac Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Dynapac Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dynapac Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dynapac Main Business and Markets Served
Table Volvo Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Volvo Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Volvo Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Volvo Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Volvo Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Volvo Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Volvo Main Business and Markets Served
Table Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Wirtgen Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Wirtgen Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Wirtgen Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Wirtgen Main Business and Markets Served
Table Xugong Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Xugong Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Xugong Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Xugong Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Xugong Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Xugong Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Xugong Main Business and Markets Served
Table Liugong Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Liugong Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Liugong Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Liugong Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Liugong Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Liugong Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Liugong Main Business and Markets Served
Table Shantui Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Shantui Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Shantui Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Shantui Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Shantui Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Shantui Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Shantui Main Business and Markets Served
Table YTO Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table YTO Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table YTO Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure YTO Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure YTO Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure YTO Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table YTO Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sany Static Road Roller Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sany Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sany Static Road Roller Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Sany Static Road Roller Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Sany Static Road Roller Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Sany Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Sany Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Static Road Roller
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Static Road Roller
Figure Static Road Roller Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Static Road Roller Distributors List
Table Static Road Roller Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America Static Road Roller Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Static Road Roller Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Static Road Roller Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Static Road Roller Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
The emerging process industries are merely operated by advanced automation technologies such as distributed control systems (DCS). These systems are used as an extension of traditional controllers across the diversified range of industries. The main concept of...
The Global Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Industry 2015 Deep Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Single Cylinder Diesel Engine industry. The report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Single Cylinder Diesel Engine market analysis is provided for the inter...
The Global Air Switch Industry 2016 Deep Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Air Switch industry. Firstly, the report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Air Switch market analysis is provided for the international market including development history,...