Request for Covid-19 Impact Assessment of this Report
Sales, means the sales volume of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Revenue, means the sales value of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
This report studies sales (consumption) of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench in Global market, especially in USA, China, Europe, Japan, India and Southeast Asia, focuses on top players in these regions/countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these regions, covering
ISOMED S.r.L
Noris Medical
Surcam Medical Devices And Developments
Bone System srl
EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL
Global Implant Solutions
TRATE AG
...
Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with sales (consumption) , revenue, market share and growth rate of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast) , like
USA
China
Europe
Japan
India
Southeast Asia
Split by product Types, with sales, revenue, price and gross margin, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into
Type I
Type II
Type III
Split by applications, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench in each application, can be divided into
Application 1
Application 2
Application 3
Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Market Report 2016
1 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
1.2 Classification of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
1.2.1 Type I
1.2.2 Type II
1.2.3 Type III
1.3 Application of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
1.3.1 Application 1
1.3.2 Application 2
1.3.3 Application 3
1.4 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market by Regions
1.4.1 USA Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.4.2 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.4.5 India Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value and Volume) of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (2011-2021)
1.5.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
1.5.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Competition by Manufacturers, Type and Application
2.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
2.1.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
2.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume and Value) by Type
2.2.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.2.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
2.3.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
2.4 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume) by Application
3 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
3.1 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
3.1.1 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
3.1.2 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
3.1.3 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
4 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
4.1 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
4.1.1 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
4.1.2 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
4.1.3 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
5 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
5.1 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
5.1.1 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
5.1.2 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
5.1.3 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
6 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
6.1 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
6.1.1 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
6.1.2 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
6.1.3 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
7 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
7.1 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
7.1.1 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
7.1.2 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
7.1.3 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
7.2 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
8 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench (Volume, Value and Sales Price)
8.1 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Value (2011-2016)
8.1.1 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
8.1.2 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
8.1.3 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
8.2 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application
9 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Manufacturers Analysis
9.1 ISOMED S.r.L
9.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.1.2 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Product Type, Application and Specification
9.1.2.1 Type I
9.1.2.2 Type II
9.1.3 ISOMED S.r.L Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.2 Noris Medical
9.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.2.2 128 Product Type, Application and Specification
9.2.2.1 Type I
9.2.2.2 Type II
9.2.3 Noris Medical Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.3 Surcam Medical Devices And Developments
9.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.3.2 146 Product Type, Application and Specification
9.3.2.1 Type I
9.3.2.2 Type II
9.3.3 Surcam Medical Devices And Developments Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.4 Bone System srl
9.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.4.2 Aug Product Type, Application and Specification
9.4.2.1 Type I
9.4.2.2 Type II
9.4.3 Bone System srl Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.5 EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL
9.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
9.5.2.1 Type I
9.5.2.2 Type II
9.5.3 EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.6 Global Implant Solutions
9.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.6.2 Million USD Product Type, Application and Specification
9.6.2.1 Type I
9.6.2.2 Type II
9.6.3 Global Implant Solutions Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.7 TRATE AG
9.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
9.7.2 Pharma & Healthcare Product Type, Application and Specification
9.7.2.1 Type I
9.7.2.2 Type II
9.7.3 TRATE AG Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
9.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
...
10 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Maufacturing Cost Analysis
10.1 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Key Raw Materials Analysis
10.1.1 Key Raw Materials
10.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
10.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
10.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
10.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
10.2.1 Raw Materials
10.2.2 Labor Cost
10.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
11 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
11.1 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Industrial Chain Analysis
11.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
11.3 Raw Materials Sources of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Major Manufacturers in 2015
11.4 Downstream Buyers
12 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
12.1 Marketing Channel
12.1.1 Direct Marketing
12.1.2 Indirect Marketing
12.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
12.2 Market Positioning
12.2.1 Pricing Strategy
12.2.2 Brand Strategy
12.2.3 Target Client
12.3 Distributors/Traders List
13 Market Effect Factors Analysis
13.1 Technology Progress/Risk
13.1.1 Substitutes Threat
13.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
13.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
13.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change
14 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Forecast (2016-2021)
14.1 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue Forecast (2016-2021)
14.2 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
14.3 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
14.4 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)
15 Appendix
Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
China Disclaimer
Figure Picture of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Table Classification of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Type in 2015
Figure Type I Picture
Figure Type II Picture
Table Applications of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Application in 2015
Figure Application 1 Examples
Figure Application 2 Examples
Figure USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table 2015 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table USA Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table China Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Japan Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table India Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table ISOMED S.r.L Basic Information List
Table ISOMED S.r.L Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure ISOMED S.r.L Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Noris Medical Basic Information List
Table Noris Medical Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Noris Medical Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Surcam Medical Devices And Developments Basic Information List
Table Surcam Medical Devices And Developments Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Surcam Medical Devices And Developments Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Bone System srl Basic Information List
Table Bone System srl Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Bone System srl Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL Basic Information List
Table EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure EDIERRE IMPLANT SYSTEM SRL Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Global Implant Solutions Basic Information List
Table Global Implant Solutions Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Global Implant Solutions Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table TRATE AG Basic Information List
Table TRATE AG Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure TRATE AG Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Figure Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Ratchet Dental Implant Wrench Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)
Medical implants are permanent devices such as pacemakers or temporary devices such as fracture plates which are removed once their function is completed. These implants are made up of bone, tissue, skin, ceramics, metals, plastics, and other natural materials...
Ostomy is a surgery wherein an artificial opening, known as stoma, is created from the colon in the human body to eliminate body wastes such as urine, mucus, and stools, which are collected in artificial bags called ostomy drainage bags. These plastic/rub...
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to examine organs inside the abdomen or pelvic cavities by inserting a laparoscope through a small incision in the abdomen. A laparoscope comprises a long, thin tube with high-intensity light, and high-re...