Global Chart Monitors Market Research Report 2017-2022 by Players, Regions, Product Types & Applications

Global Chart Monitors Market Research Report 2017-2022 by Players, Regions, Product Types & Applications

Chapter One Methodology and Data Source

1.1 Methodology/Research Approach

1.1.1 Research Programs/Design

1.1.2 Market Size Estimation

1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

1.2 Data Source

1.2.1 Secondary Sources

1.2.2 Primary Sources

1.3 Disclaimer

Chapter Two Chart Monitors Market Overview

2.1 Market Coverage

2.2 Global Chart Monitors Market Sales Volume Revenue and Price 2012-2017

Chapter Three Chart Monitors by Key Players 2012-2017

3.1 Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share by Key Players 2012-2017

3.2 Global Chart Monitors Revenue Share by Key Players 2012-2017

3.3 Global Key Players Chart Monitors Key Product Model and Market Performance

3.4 Global Key Players Chart Monitors Key Target Consumers and Market Performance

Chapter Four Chart Monitors by Regions 2012-2017

4.1 Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Regions 2012-2017

4.2 Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Regions 2012-2017

4.3 Global Chart Monitors Price by Regions 2012-2017

4.4 North America

4.4.1 United States

4.4.2 Canada

4.5 Latin America

4.5.1 Mexico

4.5.2 Brazil

4.5.3 Argentina

4.5.4 Others in Latin America

4.6 Europe

4.6.1 Germany

4.6.2 United Kingdom

4.6.3 France

4.6.4 Italy

4.6.5 Spain

4.6.6 Russia

4.6.7 Netherland

4.6.8 Others in Europe

4.7 Asia & Pacific

4.7.1 China

4.7.2 Japan

4.7.3 India

4.7.4 Korea

4.7.5 Australia

4.7.6 Southeast Asia

4.7.6.1 Indonesia

4.7.6.2 Thailand

4.7.6.3 Philippines

4.7.6.4 Vietnam

4.7.6.5 Singapore

4.7.6.6 Malaysia

4.7.6.7 Others in Southeast Asia

4.8 Africa & Middle East

4.8.1 South Africa

4.8.2 Egypt

4.8.3 Turkey

4.8.4 Saudi Arabia

4.8.5 Iran

4.8.6 Others in Africa & Middle East

Chapter Five Chart Monitors Market by Product Types

5.1 Chart Monitors, by Test Type 2012-2017

5.1.1 Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Test Type 2012-2017

5.1.2 Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Test Type 2012-2017

5.1.3 Global Chart Monitors Price by Test Type 2012-2017

5.1.4 Optotype

5.1.5 Ophthalmic Test

5.1.6 Polarized Optoptype

5.2 Chart Monitors, by 2012-2017

Chapter Six Global Key Players Profile

6.1 Luneau Technology (France)

6.1.1 Luneau Technology (France) Company Details and Competitors

6.1.2 Luneau Technology (France) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.1.3 Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.1.4 Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.2 US Ophthalmic (USA)

6.2.1 US Ophthalmic (USA) Company Details and Competitors

6.2.2 US Ophthalmic (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.2.3 US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.2.4 US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.3 Reichert (USA)

6.3.1 Reichert (USA) Company Details and Competitors

6.3.2 Reichert (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.3.3 Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.3.4 Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.4 Essilor instruments (USA)

6.4.1 Essilor instruments (USA) Company Details and Competitors

6.4.2 Essilor instruments (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.4.3 Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.4.4 Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.5 NIDEK (Japan)

6.5.1 NIDEK (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

6.5.2 NIDEK (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.5.3 NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.5.4 NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.6 Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK)

6.6.1 Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Company Details and Competitors

6.6.2 Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.6.3 Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.6.4 Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.7 Shin-Nippon (Japan)

6.7.1 Shin-Nippon (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

6.7.2 Shin-Nippon (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.7.3 Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.7.4 Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.8 bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany)

6.8.1 bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Company Details and Competitors

6.8.2 bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.8.3 bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.8.4 bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.9 Huvitz (Korea)

6.9.1 Huvitz (Korea) Company Details and Competitors

6.9.2 Huvitz (Korea) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.9.3 Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.9.4 Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.10 Righton (Japan)

6.10.1 Righton (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

6.10.2 Righton (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

6.10.3 Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

6.10.4 Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Volume Revenue Price Cost and Gross Margin

6.11 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici (Italy)

6.12 Shanghai Yanke Instrument (China)

6.13 Shenzhen Certainn Technology (China)

6.14 Medmont (Australia)

Chapter Seven Chart Monitors by Appliance 2012-2017

7.1 Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Appliance 2012-2017

7.2 Hospital

7.3 Eye Clinic

7.4 Others

7.5 Consuming Habit and Preference

Chapter Eight Industry Chain and Supply Chain

8.1 Chart Monitors Industry Chain Structure

8.1.1 R&D

8.1.2 Raw Materials (Components)

8.1.3 Manufacturing Plants

8.1.4 Regional Trading (Import Export and Local Sales)

8.1.5 Online Sales Channel

8.1.6 Offline Channel

8.1.7 End Users

8.2 Chart Monitors Manufacturing

8.2.1 Key Components

8.2.2 Assembly Manufacturing

8.3 Consumer Preference

8.4 Behavioral Habits

8.5 Marketing Environment

Chapter Nine Global Chart Monitors Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2017-2022)

9.1 Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)

9.2 Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

9.3 Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

9.4 Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Test Type (2017-2022)

9.5 Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by (2017-2022)

Chapter Ten Development Trend and Research Conclusion

10.1 Development Trend

10.2 Research Conclusion

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units), Revenue (Million USD) and Price (USD/Unit)(2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share by Key Players 2016

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share by Key Players 2017

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Key Players 2016

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Key Players 2017

Table Global Key Players Key Product Model and Market Performance

Table Global Key Players Key Target Consumers and Market Performance

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Regions in 2016

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Regions in 2017

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2016

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2017

Table Global Chart Monitors Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table North America Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table North America Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table North America Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players 2012-2017

Figure North America Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Latin America Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Latin America Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Latin America Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Latin America Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Europe Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Europe Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Europe Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Asia & Pacific Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Asia & Pacific Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Asia & Pacific Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Asia & Pacific Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Africa & Middle East Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Africa & Middle East Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Africa & Middle East Chart Monitors Sales Volume (K Units) by Key Players (2012-2017)

Figure Africa & Middle East Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Test Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Test Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Test Type in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by Test Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Test Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by Test Type in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Price (USD/Unit) by Test Type (2012-2017)

Table Top Players of Optotype Chart Monitors Products List

Figure Global Optotype Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Top Players of Ophthalmic Test Chart Monitors Products List

Figure Global Ophthalmic Test Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Top Players of Polarized Optoptype Chart Monitors Products List

Figure Global Polarized Optoptype Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Price (USD/Unit) by (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) by (2012-2017)

Table Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share by in 2016

Table Global Chart Monitors Price (USD/Unit) by (2012-2017)

Table Luneau Technology (France) Company Details and Competitors

Table Luneau Technology (France) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Luneau Technology (France) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table US Ophthalmic (USA) Company Details and Competitors

Table US Ophthalmic (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure US Ophthalmic (USA) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Reichert (USA) Company Details and Competitors

Table Reichert (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Reichert (USA) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Essilor instruments (USA) Company Details and Competitors

Table Essilor instruments (USA) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Essilor instruments (USA) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table NIDEK (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

Table NIDEK (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure NIDEK (Japan) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Company Details and Competitors

Table Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Takagi Ophthalmic Instruments Europe (UK) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Shin-Nippon (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

Table Shin-Nippon (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Shin-Nippon (Japan) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Company Details and Competitors

Table bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure bon Optic Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Huvitz (Korea) Company Details and Competitors

Table Huvitz (Korea) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Huvitz (Korea) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table Righton (Japan) Company Details and Competitors

Table Righton (Japan) Key Chart Monitors Models and Performance

Table Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Business SWOT Analysis and Forecast

Table Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Output (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales(Million Unit) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Figure Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Sales Revenue(Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Righton (Japan) Chart Monitors Revenue Market Share (%) in Global (2012-2017)

Table CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici (Italy) Company Details and Competitors

Table Shanghai Yanke Instrument (China) Company Details and Competitors

Table Shenzhen Certainn Technology (China) Company Details and Competitors

Table Medmont (Australia) Company Details and Competitors

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) by Appliance (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Appliance (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Market Share by Appliance in 2016

Figure Global Hospital Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Global Eye Clinic Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Global Others Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Test Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by Test Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Test Type in 2022

Table Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales (K Units) Forecast by (2017-2022)

Figure Global Chart Monitors Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by in 2022