EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) NOx Adsorbers Market Report 2018

EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) NOx Adsorbers Market Report 2018

1 NOx Adsorbers Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of NOx Adsorbers

1.2 Classification of NOx Adsorbers

1.2.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Size (Sales) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)

1.2.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Size (Sales) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017

1.2.3 Active NOx Adsorbers

1.2.4 Passive NOx Adsorbers

1.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (Volume) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)

1.3.2 Light-Duty Diesel Engines

1.3.3 Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

1.4 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market by Region

1.4.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)

1.4.2 Europe Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.3 Middle East Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.4 Africa Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.5 EMEA Market Size (Value and Volume) of NOx Adsorbers (2013-2025)

1.5.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

1.5.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Competition by Manufacturers/Players/Suppliers, Region, Type and Application

2.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Competition by Players/Manufacturers

2.1.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Market Share of Major Players (2013-2018)

2.1.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Share by Players (2013-2018)

2.1.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sale Price by Players (2013-2018)

2.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers (Volume and Value) by Type/Product Category

2.2.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

2.2.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

2.2.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sale Price by Type (2013-2018)

2.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers (Volume) by Application

2.4 EMEA NOx Adsorbers (Volume and Value) by Region

2.4.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

2.4.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

2.4.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Price by Region (2013-2018)

3 Europe NOx Adsorbers (Volume, Value and Sales Price), by Players, Countries, Type and Application

3.1 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales and Value (2013-2018)

3.1.1 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.1.2 Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.2 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Type

3.3 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Application

3.4 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Value (Revenue) by Countries

3.4.1 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume by Countries (2013-2018)

3.4.2 Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)

3.4.3 Germany NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.4.4 France NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.4.5 UK NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.4.6 Russia NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.4.7 Italy NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

3.4.8 Benelux NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4 Middle East NOx Adsorbers (Volume, Value and Sales Price), by Region, Type and Application

4.1 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales and Value (2013-2018)

4.1.1 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4.1.2 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4.2 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Type

4.3 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Application

4.4 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Value (Revenue) by Countries

4.4.1 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume by Countries (2013-2018)

4.4.2 Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)

4.4.3 Saudi Arabia NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4.4.4 Israel NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4.4.5 UAE NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

4.4.6 Iran NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5 Africa NOx Adsorbers (Volume, Value and Sales Price) by Players, Countries, Type and Application

5.1 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales and Value (2013-2018)

5.1.1 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5.1.2 Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5.2 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Type

5.3 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales and Market Share by Application

5.4 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Value (Revenue) by Countries

5.4.1 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume by Countries (2013-2018)

5.4.2 Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)

5.4.3 South Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5.4.4 Nigeria NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5.4.5 Egypt NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

5.4.6 Algeria NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

6 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Manufacturers/Players Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 BASF

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 NOx Adsorbers Product Type, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 BASF NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Johnson Matthey

6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.2.2 NOx Adsorbers Product Type, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 Clariant

6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.3.2 NOx Adsorbers Product Type, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 Clariant NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 umicore

6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.4.2 NOx Adsorbers Product Type, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 umicore NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

...

7 NOx Adsorbers Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 NOx Adsorbers Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of NOx Adsorbers

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 NOx Adsorbers Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of NOx Adsorbers Major Manufacturers in 2017

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Forecast (2018-2025)

11.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast (2018-2025)

11.1.1 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

11.1.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

11.1.3 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Price and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)

11.2 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

11.3 Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

11.4 Middle Eastt NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

11.5 Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

11.6 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

11.7 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

Figure Product Picture of NOx Adsorbers

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017

Figure Active NOx Adsorbers Product Picture

Figure Passive NOx Adsorbers Product Picture

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)

Figure EMEA Sales Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Application in 2017

Figure Light-Duty Diesel Engines Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Light-Duty Diesel Engines

Figure Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Status and Forecast by Countries

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Status and Forecast by Countries

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Status and Forecast by Countries

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume (K Units) of Major Players (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Players (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Players

Figure 2017 NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Players

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) by Players (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Share by Players (2013-2018)

Table 2017 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Share by Players

Table 2017 EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Share by Players

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sale Price (USD/Unit) by Players (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Sales Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Type (2013-2018)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Revenue Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Type in 2017

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sale Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Sales Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Application (2013-2018)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Application in 2017

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Sales Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Region (2013-2018)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share in 2017

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Revenue Market Share of NOx Adsorbers by Region (2013-2018)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share Regions in 2017

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Type in 2017

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Application in 2017

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries in 2017

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2017

Figure Germany NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure France NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure UK NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Russia NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Italy NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Benelux NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Applications (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Market Share by Applications (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Application in 2017

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume (K Units) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume Market Share by Countries in 2017

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2017

Figure Saudi Arabia NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Israel NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure UAE NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Iran NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Type in 2017

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Volume (K Units) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share by Countries in 2017

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2013-2018)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2017

Figure South Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Nigeria NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Egypt NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Algeria NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Table BASF NOx Adsorbers Basic Information List

Table BASF NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure BASF NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure BASF NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Figure BASF NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Table Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Basic Information List

Table Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Figure Johnson Matthey NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Table Clariant NOx Adsorbers Basic Information List

Table Clariant NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure Clariant NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Clariant NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Figure Clariant NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Table umicore NOx Adsorbers Basic Information List

Table umicore NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure umicore NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure umicore NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Figure umicore NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share in EMEA (2013-2018)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of NOx Adsorbers

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of NOx Adsorbers

Figure NOx Adsorbers Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of NOx Adsorbers Major Manufacturers in 2017

Table Major Buyers of NOx Adsorbers

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Price (USD/Unit) and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Europe NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Middle East NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Figure Africa NOx Adsorbers Revenue Market Share Forecast by Countries (2018-2025)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Table EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

Figure EMEA NOx Adsorbers Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources