United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Report 2017

United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Report 2017

1 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

1.2 Classification of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits by Product Category

1.2.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Blood Glucose Testing

1.2.4 Cholesterol Testing

1.2.5 Fertility and Pregnancy Testing

1.2.6 Infectious Disease Testing

1.2.7 Substance Abuse Testing

1.3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Hospital

1.3.3 Medical Center

1.3.4 Others

1.4 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market by Region

1.4.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 The West Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Southwest Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 New England Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 The South Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 The Midwest Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits (2012-2022)

1.5.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Competition by Players/Suppliers

2.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.4 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market

2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Price by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (Volume) by Application (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Abbott Laboratories

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Abbott Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Accutech

6.2.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Accutech Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 Acon Laboratories

6.3.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 Acon Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 Alere

6.4.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 Alere Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 Alfa Scientific Designs

6.5.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 Alfa Scientific Designs Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 Arkray USA

6.6.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 Arkray USA Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Beckman Coulter

6.7.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Beckman Coulter Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 Becton, Dickinson And Company

6.8.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.9 Biomerica

6.9.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.9.2.1 Product A

6.9.2.2 Product B

6.9.3 Biomerica Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.10 Biomrieux

6.10.2 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category, Application and Specification

6.10.2.1 Product A

6.10.2.2 Product B

6.10.3 Biomrieux Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.11 Bio-Rad Laboratories

6.12 BTNX

6.13 Diagnostic Automation / Cortez Diagnostics

6.14 EKF Diagnostics Holdings

6.15 Enzo Life Sciences

6.16 Firstvue Corporation

6.17 Hologic

6.18 IDEXX Laboratories

6.19 Immunostics

6.20 Inbios International

6.21 Jant Pharmacal Corporation

6.22 Labsystems Diagnostics OY

6.23 Lifescan

7 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

Figure Product Picture of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

Figure Blood Glucose Testing Product Picture

Figure Cholesterol Testing Product Picture

Figure Fertility and Pregnancy Testing Product Picture

Figure Infectious Disease Testing Product Picture

Figure Substance Abuse Testing Product Picture

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)

Figure United States Sales Market Share of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits by Application in 2016

Figure Hospital Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Hospital

Figure Medical Center Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Medical Center

Figure Others Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Others

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)

Figure The West Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Middle Atlantic Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure New England Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The South of US Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Midwest Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Table United States Market Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure United States Market Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers

Table United States Players/Suppliers Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table United States Players/Suppliers Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Product Category

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share by Type in 2016

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits by Type in 2016

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share by Application in 2016

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Table Abbott Laboratories Basic Information List

Table Abbott Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Abbott Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Abbott Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Abbott Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Accutech Basic Information List

Table Accutech Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Accutech Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Accutech Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Accutech Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Acon Laboratories Basic Information List

Table Acon Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Acon Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Acon Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Acon Laboratories Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Alere Basic Information List

Table Alere Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Alere Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Alere Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Alere Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Alfa Scientific Designs Basic Information List

Table Alfa Scientific Designs Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Alfa Scientific Designs Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Alfa Scientific Designs Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Alfa Scientific Designs Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Arkray USA Basic Information List

Table Arkray USA Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Arkray USA Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Arkray USA Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Arkray USA Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Beckman Coulter Basic Information List

Table Beckman Coulter Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Beckman Coulter Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Beckman Coulter Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Beckman Coulter Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Becton, Dickinson And Company Basic Information List

Table Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Biomerica Basic Information List

Table Biomerica Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Biomerica Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Biomerica Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Biomerica Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Biomrieux Basic Information List

Table Biomrieux Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Biomrieux Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Biomrieux Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Biomrieux Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Bio-Rad Laboratories Basic Information List

Table BTNX Basic Information List

Table Diagnostic Automation / Cortez Diagnostics Basic Information List

Table EKF Diagnostics Holdings Basic Information List

Table Enzo Life Sciences Basic Information List

Table Firstvue Corporation Basic Information List

Table Hologic Basic Information List

Table IDEXX Laboratories Basic Information List

Table Immunostics Basic Information List

Table Inbios International Basic Information List

Table Jant Pharmacal Corporation Basic Information List

Table Labsystems Diagnostics OY Basic Information List

Table Lifescan Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

Figure Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Major Players/Suppliers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Table United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Rapid Medical Diagnostic Kits Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources