United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Report 2017

United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Report 2017

1 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

1.2 Classification of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) by Product Category

1.2.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Voltage regulators

1.2.4 Motor control ICs

1.2.5 Integrated ASSP Power Management ICs

1.2.6 Battery Management ICs

1.2.7 Others

1.3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Automotive/Transportation

1.3.3 Consumer Electronics

1.3.4 Industrial

1.3.5 Telecom & Networking

1.3.6 Others

1.4 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market by Region

1.4.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 The West Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Southwest Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 New England Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 The South Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 The Midwest Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) (2012-2022)

1.5.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Competition by Players/Suppliers

2.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.4 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market

2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Price by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (Volume) by Application (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Texas Instruments

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Texas Instruments Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 ON Semiconductor

6.2.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 ON Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 Analog Devices

6.3.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 Analog Devices Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 Dialog Semiconductor

6.4.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 Dialog Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 Maxim Integrated Products

6.5.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 Maxim Integrated Products Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 Linear Technology Corporation

6.6.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 Linear Technology Corporation Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Infineon Technologies

6.7.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Infineon Technologies Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 Mitsubishi

6.8.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 Mitsubishi Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.9 Renesas Electronics

6.9.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.9.2.1 Product A

6.9.2.2 Product B

6.9.3 Renesas Electronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.10 STMicroelectronics

6.10.2 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category, Application and Specification

6.10.2.1 Product A

6.10.2.2 Product B

6.10.3 STMicroelectronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

Figure Product Picture of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

Figure Voltage regulators Product Picture

Figure Motor control ICs Product Picture

Figure Integrated ASSP Power Management ICs Product Picture

Figure Battery Management ICs Product Picture

Figure Others Product Picture

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)

Figure United States Sales Market Share of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) by Application in 2016

Figure Automotive/Transportation Examples

Figure Consumer Electronics Examples

Figure Industrial Examples

Figure Telecom & Networking Examples

Figure Others Examples

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)

Figure The West Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Middle Atlantic Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure New England Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The South of US Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Midwest Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Table United States Market Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure United States Market Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers

Table United States Players/Suppliers Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table United States Players/Suppliers Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Product Category

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share by Type in 2016

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) by Type in 2016

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share by Application in 2016

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Table Texas Instruments Basic Information List

Table Texas Instruments Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Texas Instruments Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Texas Instruments Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Texas Instruments Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table ON Semiconductor Basic Information List

Table ON Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure ON Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure ON Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure ON Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Analog Devices Basic Information List

Table Analog Devices Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Analog Devices Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Analog Devices Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Analog Devices Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Dialog Semiconductor Basic Information List

Table Dialog Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Dialog Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Dialog Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Dialog Semiconductor Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Maxim Integrated Products Basic Information List

Table Maxim Integrated Products Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Maxim Integrated Products Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Maxim Integrated Products Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Maxim Integrated Products Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Linear Technology Corporation Basic Information List

Table Linear Technology Corporation Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Linear Technology Corporation Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Linear Technology Corporation Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Linear Technology Corporation Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Infineon Technologies Basic Information List

Table Infineon Technologies Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Infineon Technologies Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Infineon Technologies Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Infineon Technologies Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Mitsubishi Basic Information List

Table Mitsubishi Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Mitsubishi Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Mitsubishi Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Mitsubishi Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Renesas Electronics Basic Information List

Table Renesas Electronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Renesas Electronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Renesas Electronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Renesas Electronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table STMicroelectronics Basic Information List

Table STMicroelectronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure STMicroelectronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure STMicroelectronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure STMicroelectronics Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

Figure Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Major Players/Suppliers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs)

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Table United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources