United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Report 2017

United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Report 2017

1 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

1.2 Classification of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package by Product Category

1.2.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Cold Light Source

1.2.4 Others

1.3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Private Clinics

1.3.3 Retail Pharmacies

1.3.4 Drug Stores

1.3.5 E-Commerce

1.3.6 Others

1.4 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market by Region

1.4.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 The West Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Southwest Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 New England Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 The South Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 The Midwest Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package (2012-2022)

1.5.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Competition by Players/Suppliers

2.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

2.4 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market

2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)

4.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Price by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (Volume) by Application (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Malco Products

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Malco Products Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Roxtec

6.2.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Roxtec Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 Olympus Corporation

6.3.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 Olympus Corporation Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 KARL STORZ

6.4.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 KARL STORZ Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 KG

6.5.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 KG Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 Richard WOLF

6.6.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 Richard WOLF Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Coloplast

6.7.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Coloplast Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 Cook Medical

6.8.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 Cook Medical Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.9 Shanghai Medical Instruments

6.9.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.9.2.1 Product A

6.9.2.2 Product B

6.9.3 Shanghai Medical Instruments Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.10 Boston Scientific

6.10.2 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category, Application and Specification

6.10.2.1 Product A

6.10.2.2 Product B

6.10.3 Boston Scientific Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.11 Medtronic

6.12 Teleflex Incorporated

6.13 Stryker Corporation

6.14 CooperSurgical

6.15 ConMed Corporation

7 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

Figure Product Picture of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

Figure Cold Light Source Product Picture

Figure Others Product Picture

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)

Figure United States Sales Market Share of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package by Application in 2016

Figure Private Clinics Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Private Clinics

Figure Retail Pharmacies Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Retail Pharmacies

Figure Drug Stores Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Drug Stores

Figure E-Commerce Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in E-Commerce

Figure Others Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Others

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)

Figure The West Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Middle Atlantic Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure New England Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The South of US Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure The Midwest Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Figure 2017 United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers

Table United States Market Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)

Figure United States Market Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers

Table United States Players/Suppliers Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table United States Players/Suppliers Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Product Category

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share by Type in 2016

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package by Type in 2016

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share by Application in 2016

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Table Malco Products Basic Information List

Table Malco Products Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Malco Products Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Malco Products Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Malco Products Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Roxtec Basic Information List

Table Roxtec Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Roxtec Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Roxtec Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Roxtec Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Olympus Corporation Basic Information List

Table Olympus Corporation Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Olympus Corporation Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Olympus Corporation Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Olympus Corporation Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table KARL STORZ Basic Information List

Table KARL STORZ Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure KARL STORZ Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure KARL STORZ Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure KARL STORZ Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table KG Basic Information List

Table KG Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure KG Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure KG Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure KG Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Richard WOLF Basic Information List

Table Richard WOLF Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Richard WOLF Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Richard WOLF Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Richard WOLF Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Coloplast Basic Information List

Table Coloplast Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Coloplast Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Coloplast Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Coloplast Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Cook Medical Basic Information List

Table Cook Medical Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Cook Medical Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Cook Medical Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Cook Medical Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Shanghai Medical Instruments Basic Information List

Table Shanghai Medical Instruments Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Shanghai Medical Instruments Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Shanghai Medical Instruments Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Shanghai Medical Instruments Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Boston Scientific Basic Information List

Table Boston Scientific Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Boston Scientific Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Boston Scientific Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Figure Boston Scientific Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)

Table Medtronic Basic Information List

Table Teleflex Incorporated Basic Information List

Table Stryker Corporation Basic Information List

Table CooperSurgical Basic Information List

Table ConMed Corporation Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

Figure Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Major Players/Suppliers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Table United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure United States Laryngeal Microsurgical Equipment Package Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources