Global Peanut Flour Market Report 2019, Competitive Landscape, Trends and Opportunities

1 Peanut Flour Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Peanut Flour

1.2 Peanut Flour Segment by Type

1.2.1 Global Peanut Flour Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026)

1.2.2 The Market Profile of Light

1.2.3 The Market Profile of Medium

1.2.4 The Market Profile of Dark

1.3 Global Peanut Flour Segment by Application

1.3.1 Peanut Flour Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026)

1.3.2 The Market Profile of Peanut butters

1.3.3 The Market Profile of Sauces

1.3.4 The Market Profile of Baked goods

1.3.5 The Market Profile of Pet treats

1.3.6 The Market Profile of Others

1.4 Global Peanut Flour Market by Region (2014-2026)

1.4.1 Global Peanut Flour Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026)

1.4.2 United States Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3 Europe Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.1 Germany Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.2 UK Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.3 France Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.4 Italy Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.5 Spain Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.6 Russia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.3.7 Poland Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.4 China Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.5 Japan Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.6 India Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7 Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.1 Malaysia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.2 Singapore Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.3 Philippines Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.4 Indonesia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.5 Thailand Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.7.6 Vietnam Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.8 Central and South America Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.8.1 Brazil Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.8.2 Mexico Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.8.3 Colombia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.3 Turkey Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.4 Egypt Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.5 South Africa Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.4.9.6 Nigeria Peanut Flour Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Peanut Flour (2014-2026)

1.5.1 Global Peanut Flour Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026)

1.5.2 Global Peanut Flour Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026)

2 Global Peanut Flour Market Landscape by Player

2.1 Global Peanut Flour Production and Share by Player (2014-2019)

2.2 Global Peanut Flour Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019)

2.3 Global Peanut Flour Average Price by Player (2014-2019)

2.4 Peanut Flour Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player

2.5 Peanut Flour Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 Peanut Flour Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 Peanut Flour Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Players Profiles

3.1 Rizhao Shengkang

3.1.1 Rizhao Shengkang Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.1.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.1.3 Rizhao Shengkang Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.1.4 Rizhao Shengkang Business Overview

3.2 ADM

3.2.1 ADM Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.2.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.2.3 ADM Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.2.4 ADM Business Overview

3.3 Puyang Tianli

3.3.1 Puyang Tianli Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.3.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.3.3 Puyang Tianli Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.3.4 Puyang Tianli Business Overview

3.4 CUKRA

3.4.1 CUKRA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.4.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.4.3 CUKRA Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.4.4 CUKRA Business Overview

3.5 Qingdao Baoquan

3.5.1 Qingdao Baoquan Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.5.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.5.3 Qingdao Baoquan Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.5.4 Qingdao Baoquan Business Overview

3.6 Fenglin

3.6.1 Fenglin Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.6.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.6.3 Fenglin Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.6.4 Fenglin Business Overview

3.7 Shijichun

3.7.1 Shijichun Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.7.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.7.3 Shijichun Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.7.4 Shijichun Business Overview

3.8 Qingdao Changshou

3.8.1 Qingdao Changshou Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.8.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.8.3 Qingdao Changshou Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.8.4 Qingdao Changshou Business Overview

3.9 Vinay Industries

3.9.1 Vinay Industries Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.9.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.9.3 Vinay Industries Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.9.4 Vinay Industries Business Overview

3.10 Amanda

3.10.1 Amanda Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.10.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.10.3 Amanda Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.10.4 Amanda Business Overview

3.11 Junan Zheng Da

3.11.1 Junan Zheng Da Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.11.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.11.3 Junan Zheng Da Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.11.4 Junan Zheng Da Business Overview

3.12 Shandong Chinut

3.12.1 Shandong Chinut Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors

3.12.2 Peanut Flour Product Profiles, Application and Specification

3.12.3 Shandong Chinut Peanut Flour Market Performance (2014-2019)

3.12.4 Shandong Chinut Business Overview

4 Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

4.1 Global Peanut Flour Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

4.2 Global Peanut Flour Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

4.3 Global Peanut Flour Price by Type (2014-2019)

4.4 Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019)

4.4.1 Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Light (2014-2019)

4.4.2 Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Medium (2014-2019)

4.4.3 Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Dark (2014-2019)

5 Global Peanut Flour Market Analysis by Application

5.1 Global Peanut Flour Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

5.2 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)

5.2.1 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate of Peanut butters (2014-2019)

5.2.2 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate of Sauces (2014-2019)

5.2.3 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate of Baked goods (2014-2019)

5.2.4 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate of Pet treats (2014-2019)

5.2.5 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Growth Rate of Others (2014-2019)

6 Global Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019)

6.1 Global Peanut Flour Consumption by Region (2014-2019)

6.2 United States Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.3 Europe Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.4 China Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.5 Japan Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.6 India Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.7 Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.8 Central and South America Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

6.9 Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

7 Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019)

7.1 Global Peanut Flour Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

7.2 Global Peanut Flour Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

7.3 Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.4 United States Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.5 Europe Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.6 China Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.7 Japan Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.8 India Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.9 Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.10 Central and South America Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

7.11 Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

8 Peanut Flour Manufacturing Analysis

8.1 Peanut Flour Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis

8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Peanut Flour

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

9.1 Peanut Flour Industrial Chain Analysis

9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Peanut Flour Major Players in 2018

9.3 Downstream Buyers

10 Market Dynamics

10.1 Drivers

10.2 Restraints

10.3 Opportunities

10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Peanut Flour

10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets

10.4 Challenges

10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better

10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices

10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants

10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes

10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers

10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers

10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

11 Global Peanut Flour Market Forecast (2019-2026)

11.1 Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026)

11.1.1 Global Peanut Flour Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)

11.1.2 Global Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)

11.1.3 Global Peanut Flour Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2 Global Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026)

11.2.1 United States Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.2 Europe Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.3 China Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.4 Japan Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.5 India Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.6 Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.7 Central and South America Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

11.3 Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026)

11.4 Global Peanut Flour Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Appendix

13.1 Methodology

13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Peanut Flour Product Picture

Table Global Peanut Flour Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type

Table Profile of Light

Table Profile of Medium

Table Profile of Dark

Table Peanut Flour Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026)

Table Profile of Peanut butters

Table Profile of Sauces

Table Profile of Baked goods

Table Profile of Pet treats

Table Profile of Others

Figure Global Peanut Flour Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026)

Figure United States Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Europe Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Germany Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure UK Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure France Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Italy Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Spain Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Russia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Poland Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure China Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Japan Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure India Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Malaysia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Singapore Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Philippines Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Indonesia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Thailand Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Vietnam Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Central and South America Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Brazil Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Mexico Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Colombia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Saudi Arabia Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure United Arab Emirates Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Turkey Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Egypt Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure South Africa Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Nigeria Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production by Player (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production Share by Player (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Share by Player in 2018

Table Peanut Flour Revenue by Player (2014-2019)

Table Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019)

Table Peanut Flour Price by Player (2014-2019)

Table Peanut Flour Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player

Table Peanut Flour Product Type by Player

Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table Rizhao Shengkang Profile

Table Rizhao Shengkang Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table ADM Profile

Table ADM Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Puyang Tianli Profile

Table Puyang Tianli Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table CUKRA Profile

Table CUKRA Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Qingdao Baoquan Profile

Table Qingdao Baoquan Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Fenglin Profile

Table Fenglin Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Shijichun Profile

Table Shijichun Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Qingdao Changshou Profile

Table Qingdao Changshou Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Vinay Industries Profile

Table Vinay Industries Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Amanda Profile

Table Amanda Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Junan Zheng Da Profile

Table Junan Zheng Da Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Shandong Chinut Profile

Table Shandong Chinut Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production by Type (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Market Share by Type in 2018

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue by Type (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018

Table Peanut Flour Price by Type (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Light (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Medium (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Growth Rate of Dark (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption by Application (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption of Peanut butters (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption of Sauces (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption of Baked goods (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption of Pet treats (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption of Others (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Table United States Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Europe Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table China Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Japan Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table India Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Central and South America Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production Market Share by Region in 2018

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue by Region (2014-2019)

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018

Table Global Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table United States Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Europe Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table China Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Japan Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table India Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Central and South America Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)

Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Peanut Flour

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Peanut Flour

Figure Peanut Flour Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Peanut Flour Major Players in 2018

Table Downstream Buyers

Figure Global Peanut Flour Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026)

Figure Global Peanut Flour Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026)

Table United States Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Europe Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table China Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Japan Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table India Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Southeast Asia Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Middle East and Africa Peanut Flour Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026)

Table Global Peanut Flour Market Production Forecast, by Type

Table Global Peanut Flour Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type

Table Global Peanut Flour Market Revenue Forecast, by Type

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type

Table Global Peanut Flour Price Forecast, by Type

Table Global Peanut Flour Market Production Forecast, by Application

Table Global Peanut Flour Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application

Table Global Peanut Flour Market Revenue Forecast, by Application

Table Global Peanut Flour Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application

Table Global Peanut Flour Price Forecast, by Application