Automotive Powertrain Testing Market Research: Global Status & Forecast by Geography, Type & Application (2017-2027)

1 Industrial Chain Overview

1.1 Automotive Powertrain Testing Industry

1.1.1 Overview

Figure Automotive Powertrain Testing Picture List

1.1.2 Characteristics of Automotive Powertrain Testing

1.2 Upstream

1.2.1 Major Materials

1.2.2 Manufacturing Overview

1.3 Product List By Type

1.3.1 Engine Testing

1.3.2 Transmission Testing

1.3.3 Drive Shafts Testing

1.3.4 Differentials Testing

1.3.5 Driving Wheels Testing

1.4 End-Use List

1.4.1 Demand in Passenger Car

1.4.2 Demand in Commercial Vehicle

1.5 Global Market Overview

1.5.1 Global Market Size and Forecast, 2017-2027

Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2017-2027

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2017-2027

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2017-2027

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography

2.1 Global Production & Consumption

2.1.1 Global Production

Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.1.2 Global Consumption

Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption

2.2.1 Production

2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific

Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.1.2 North America

Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.1.3 South America

Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.1.4 Europe

Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.2 Consumption

2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.2.2 North America

Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.2.3 South America

Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.2.4 Europe

Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

3 Major Manufacturers Introduction

3.1 Manufacturers Overview

Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information

Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021

3.2 Manufacturers List

3.2.1 AVL Overview

Table AVL Overview List

3.2.1.1 Product Specifications

3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of AVL (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.1.3 Recent Developments

3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.2 HORIBA MIRA Overview

Table HORIBA MIRA Overview List

3.2.2.1 Product Specifications

3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of HORIBA MIRA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.2.3 Recent Developments

3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.3 Ricardo Overview

Table Ricardo Overview List

3.2.3.1 Product Specifications

3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Ricardo (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.3.3 Recent Developments

3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.4 thyssenkrupp system Engineering Overview

Table thyssenkrupp system Engineering Overview List

3.2.4.1 Product Specifications

3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of thyssenkrupp system Engineering (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.4.3 Recent Developments

3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.5 Internek Group Overview

Table Internek Group Overview List

3.2.5.1 Product Specifications

3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Internek Group (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.5.3 Recent Developments

3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.6 FEV Overview

Table FEV Overview List

3.2.6.1 Product Specifications

3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of FEV (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.6.3 Recent Developments

3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.7 A&D Company Overview

Table A&D Company Overview List

3.2.7.1 Product Specifications

3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of A&D Company (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.7.3 Recent Developments

3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.8 AKKA Technologies Overview

Table AKKA Technologies Overview List

3.2.8.1 Product Specifications

3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of AKKA Technologies (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.8.3 Recent Developments

3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.9 Applus+ IDIADA Overview

Table Applus+ IDIADA Overview List

3.2.9.1 Product Specifications

3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Applus+ IDIADA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.9.3 Recent Developments

3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.10 ATESTEO Overview

Table ATESTEO Overview List

3.2.10.1 Product Specifications

3.2.10.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of ATESTEO (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.10.3 Recent Developments

3.2.10.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.11 ATS Automation Tooling Systems Overview

Table ATS Automation Tooling Systems Overview List

3.2.11.1 Product Specifications

3.2.11.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of ATS Automation Tooling Systems (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.11.3 Recent Developments

3.2.11.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.12 Cosworth Overview

Table Cosworth Overview List

3.2.12.1 Product Specifications

3.2.12.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Cosworth (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.12.3 Recent Developments

3.2.12.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.13 IABG Overview

Table IABG Overview List

3.2.13.1 Product Specifications

3.2.13.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of IABG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.13.3 Recent Developments

3.2.13.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.14 IAV Overview

Table IAV Overview List

3.2.14.1 Product Specifications

3.2.14.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of IAV (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.14.3 Recent Developments

3.2.14.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.15 Mustang Advanced Engineering (MAE) Overview

Table Mustang Advanced Engineering (MAE) Overview List

3.2.15.1 Product Specifications

3.2.15.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Mustang Advanced Engineering (MAE) (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.15.3 Recent Developments

3.2.15.4 Future Strategic Planning

3.2.16 REDVIKING Overview

Table REDVIKING Overview List

3.2.16.1 Product Specifications

3.2.16.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of REDVIKING (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

3.2.16.3 Recent Developments

3.2.16.4 Future Strategic Planning

4 Market Competition Pattern

4.1 Market Size and Sketch

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview

4.2 Company Market Share

4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers

Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume

Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Million USD

4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis

4.3 Market News and Trend

4.3.1 Merger & Acquisition

4.3.2 New Product Launch

5 Product Type Segment

5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type

5.2.1 Market in Engine Testing

5.2.1.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Engine Testing, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Engine Testing, 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2.1.2 Situation & Development

5.2.2 Market in Transmission Testing

5.2.2.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Transmission Testing, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Transmission Testing, 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2.2.2 Situation & Development

5.2.3 Market in Drive Shafts Testing

5.2.3.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Drive Shafts Testing, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Drive Shafts Testing, 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2.3.2 Situation & Development

5.2.4 Market in Differentials Testing

5.2.4.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Differentials Testing, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Differentials Testing, 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2.4.2 Situation & Development

5.2.5 Market in Driving Wheels Testing

5.2.5.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Driving Wheels Testing, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Driving Wheels Testing, 2017-2021, in Volume

5.2.5.2 Situation & Development

6 End-Use Segment

6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume

6.2 Segment Subdivision

6.2.1 Market in Passenger Car

6.2.1.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Passenger Car, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Passenger Car, 2017-2021, in Volume

6.2.1.2 Situation & Development

6.2.2 Market in Commercial Vehicle

6.2.2.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Commercial Vehicle, 2017-2021, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Commercial Vehicle, 2017-2021, in Volume

6.2.2.2 Situation & Development

7 Market Forecast & Trend

7.1 Regional Forecast

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

7.2 Consumption Forecast

7.2.1 Product Type Forecast

Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

7.2.2 End-Use Forecast

Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

7.3 Investment Trend

7.4 Consumption Trend

8 Price & Channel

8.1 Price and Cost

8.1.1 Price

8.1.2 Cost

Figure Cost Component Ratio

8.2 Channel Segment

9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment

9.1 Market Drivers

9.2 Investment Environment

9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Automotive Powertrain Testing Industry

9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream

9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream

9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels

9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition

9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment

10 Research Conclusion

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027

Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information

Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021

Table AVL Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of AVL (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table HORIBA MIRA Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of HORIBA MIRA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Ricardo Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Ricardo (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table thyssenkrupp system Engineering Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of thyssenkrupp system Engineering (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Internek Group Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Internek Group (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table FEV Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of FEV (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table A&D Company Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of A&D Company (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table AKKA Technologies Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of AKKA Technologies (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Applus+ IDIADA Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Applus+ IDIADA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table ATESTEO Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of ATESTEO (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table ATS Automation Tooling Systems Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of ATS Automation Tooling Systems (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Cosworth Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Cosworth (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table IABG Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of IABG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table IAV Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of IAV (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Mustang Advanced Engineering (MAE) Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of Mustang Advanced Engineering (MAE) (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table REDVIKING Overview List

Table Automotive Powertrain Testing Business Operation of REDVIKING (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Volume