Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Market Report 2016

Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Market Report 2016

1 Preservative Free Cosmetics Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Preservative Free Cosmetics

1.2 Classification of Preservative Free Cosmetics

1.2.1 Type I

1.2.2 Type II

1.2.3 Type III

1.3 Application of Preservative Free Cosmetics

1.3.1 Application 1

1.3.2 Application 2

1.3.3 Application 3

1.4 Preservative Free Cosmetics Market by Regions

1.4.1 United States Status and Prospect (2011-2021)

1.4.2 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)

1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value and Volume) of Preservative Free Cosmetics (2011-2021)

1.5.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

1.5.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Competition by Manufacturers, Type and Application

2.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)

2.1.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

2.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume and Value) by Type

2.2.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

2.2.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

2.3 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume and Value) by Regions

2.3.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)

2.3.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)

2.4 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume) by Application

3 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

3.1 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Value (2011-2016)

3.1.1 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

3.1.2 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

3.1.3 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

3.2 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

3.3 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type

3.4 United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Application

4 China Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

4.1 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Value (2011-2016)

4.1.1 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

4.1.2 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

4.1.3 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

4.2 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.3 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type

4.4 China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Application

5 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

5.1 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Value (2011-2016)

5.1.1 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

5.1.2 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

5.1.3 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

5.2 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

5.3 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type

5.4 Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Application

6 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

6.1 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Value (2011-2016)

6.1.1 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

6.1.2 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

6.1.3 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

6.2 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

6.3 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type

6.4 Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Application

7 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Manufacturers Analysis

7.1 Oreal

7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.1.2 Preservative Free Cosmetics Product Type, Application and Specification

7.1.2.1 Type I

7.1.2.2 Type II

7.1.3 Oreal Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.2 Mary Kay

7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.2.2 120 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.2.2.1 Type I

7.2.2.2 Type II

7.2.3 Mary Kay Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.3 Procter&Gamble

7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.3.2 145 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.3.2.1 Type I

7.3.2.2 Type II

7.3.3 Procter&Gamble Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.4 Shiseido

7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.4.2 Oct Product Type, Application and Specification

7.4.2.1 Type I

7.4.2.2 Type II

7.4.3 Shiseido Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.5 Chanel

7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.5.2.1 Type I

7.5.2.2 Type II

7.5.3 Chanel Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.6 Unilever

7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.6.2 Million USD Product Type, Application and Specification

7.6.2.1 Type I

7.6.2.2 Type II

7.6.3 Unilever Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.7 Amore Pacific

7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.7.2 Cosmetics Product Type, Application and Specification

7.7.2.1 Type I

7.7.2.2 Type II

7.7.3 Amore Pacific Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.8 Amway

7.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.8.2.1 Type I

7.8.2.2 Type II

7.8.3 Amway Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.9 Avon Products

7.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.9.2.1 Type I

7.9.2.2 Type II

7.9.3 Avon Products Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.10 Christian Dior

7.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

7.10.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

7.10.2.1 Type I

7.10.2.2 Type II

7.10.3 Christian Dior Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

7.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.11 Coty

7.12 Estee Lauder

7.13 Johnson

7.14 Poya

7.15 Jala

7.16 Kose Cosmetics

7.17 LVMH

7.18 Nu Skin

7.19 Oriflame Cosmetics

7.20 Revlon

7.21 Kanebo

7.22 Sisley CFEB

7.23 Aritaum

7.24 KAO

7.25 Clinique

7.26 Shanghai Jahwa

7.27 INFINITUS

7.28 Longrich

7.29 OSM

7.30 Yu Beauty Net

8 Preservative Free Cosmetics Maufacturing Cost Analysis

8.1 Preservative Free Cosmetics Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.2.1 Raw Materials

8.2.2 Labor Cost

8.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Preservative Free Cosmetics

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

9.1 Preservative Free Cosmetics Industrial Chain Analysis

9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Preservative Free Cosmetics Major Manufacturers in 2015

9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

10.1 Marketing Channel

10.1.1 Direct Marketing

10.1.2 Indirect Marketing

10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

10.2 Market Positioning

10.2.1 Pricing Strategy

10.2.2 Brand Strategy

10.2.3 Target Client

10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk

11.1.1 Substitutes Threat

11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Forecast (2016-2021)

12.1 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue Forecast (2016-2021)

12.2 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)

12.3 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)

12.4 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

13 Appendix

Author List

Disclosure Section

Research Methodology

Data Source

China Disclaimer

Figure Picture of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Table Classification of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Figure Global Sales Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Type in 2015

Figure Type I Picture

Figure Type II Picture

Table Applications of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Figure Global Sales Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Application in 2015

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Figure China Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Figure Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Figure Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Figure 2015 Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table 2015 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)

Figure Sales Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Type (2011-2016)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Type (2011-2016)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Regions (2011-2016)

Figure Sales Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Regions (2011-2016)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Share by Regions (2011-2016)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Regions (2011-2016)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)

Figure Sales Market Share of Preservative Free Cosmetics by Application (2011-2016)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)

Figure United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Type (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Application (2011-2016)

Table United States Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Application (2011-2016)

Figure China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure China Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Type (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Application (2011-2016)

Table China Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Application (2011-2016)

Figure Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Type (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Application (2011-2016)

Table Europe Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Application (2011-2016)

Figure Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)

Figure Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Type (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Type (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales by Application (2011-2016)

Table Japan Preservative Free Cosmetics Market Share by Application (2011-2016)

Table Oreal Basic Information List

Table Oreal Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Oreal Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Mary Kay Basic Information List

Table Mary Kay Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Mary Kay Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Procter&Gamble Basic Information List

Table Procter&Gamble Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Procter&Gamble Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Shiseido Basic Information List

Table Shiseido Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Shiseido Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Chanel Basic Information List

Table Chanel Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Chanel Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Unilever Basic Information List

Table Unilever Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Unilever Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Amore Pacific Basic Information List

Table Amore Pacific Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Amore Pacific Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Amway Basic Information List

Table Amway Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Amway Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Avon Products Basic Information List

Table Avon Products Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Avon Products Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Christian Dior Basic Information List

Table Christian Dior Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Christian Dior Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Coty Basic Information List

Table Coty Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Coty Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Estee Lauder Basic Information List

Table Estee Lauder Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Estee Lauder Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Johnson Basic Information List

Table Johnson Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Johnson Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Poya Basic Information List

Table Poya Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Poya Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Jala Basic Information List

Table Jala Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Jala Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Kose Cosmetics Basic Information List

Table Kose Cosmetics Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Kose Cosmetics Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table LVMH Basic Information List

Table LVMH Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure LVMH Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Nu Skin Basic Information List

Table Nu Skin Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Nu Skin Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Oriflame Cosmetics Basic Information List

Table Oriflame Cosmetics Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Oriflame Cosmetics Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Revlon Basic Information List

Table Revlon Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Revlon Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Kanebo Basic Information List

Table Kanebo Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Kanebo Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Sisley CFEB Basic Information List

Table Sisley CFEB Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Sisley CFEB Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Aritaum Basic Information List

Table Aritaum Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Aritaum Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table KAO Basic Information List

Table KAO Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure KAO Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Clinique Basic Information List

Table Clinique Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Clinique Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Shanghai Jahwa Basic Information List

Table Shanghai Jahwa Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Shanghai Jahwa Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table INFINITUS Basic Information List

Table INFINITUS Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure INFINITUS Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Longrich Basic Information List

Table Longrich Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Longrich Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table OSM Basic Information List

Table OSM Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure OSM Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Yu Beauty Net Basic Information List

Table Yu Beauty Net Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

Figure Yu Beauty Net Preservative Free Cosmetics Global Market Share (2011-2016)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Figure Preservative Free Cosmetics Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Preservative Free Cosmetics Major Manufacturers in 2015

Table Major Buyers of Preservative Free Cosmetics

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)

Figure Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)

Table Global Preservative Free Cosmetics Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)