Global Nano Medical Device Market Research Report 2017

Global Nano Medical Device Market Research Report 2017

1 Nano Medical Device Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Nano Medical Device

1.2 Nano Medical Device Segment by Type (Product Category)

1.2.1 Global Nano Medical Device Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2012-2022)

1.2.2 Global Nano Medical Device Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Biochip

1.2.4 Implant Materials

1.2.5 Medical Textiles

1.2.6 Wound Dressing

1.2.7 Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices

1.2.8 Hearing Aid

1.3 Global Nano Medical Device Segment by Application

1.3.1 Nano Medical Device Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Therapeutic

1.3.3 Diagnostic

1.3.4 Research

1.4 Global Nano Medical Device Market by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.1 Global Nano Medical Device Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Nano Medical Device (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

2 Global Nano Medical Device Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.1 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.2 Global Nano Medical Device Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 Global Nano Medical Device Average Price by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 Manufacturers Nano Medical Device Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type

2.5 Nano Medical Device Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 Nano Medical Device Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 Nano Medical Device Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 Global Nano Medical Device Production and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.4 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.5 North America Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.6 Europe Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.7 China Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.8 Japan Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.9 Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.10 India Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

4 Global Nano Medical Device Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2012-2017)

4.1 Global Nano Medical Device Consumption by Region (2012-2017)

4.2 North America Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.3 Europe Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.4 China Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.5 Japan Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.6 Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.7 India Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

5 Global Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

5.1 Global Nano Medical Device Production and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.2 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.3 Global Nano Medical Device Price by Type (2012-2017)

5.4 Global Nano Medical Device Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)

6 Global Nano Medical Device Market Analysis by Application

6.1 Global Nano Medical Device Consumption and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

6.2 Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6.3.1 Potential Applications

6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 Global Nano Medical Device Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis

7.1 St.Jude Medical (U.S.)

7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.1.2 Nano Medical Device Product Category, Application and Specification

7.1.2.1 Product A

7.1.2.2 Product B

7.1.3 St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.2 Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.)

7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.2.2 Nano Medical Device Product Category, Application and Specification

7.2.2.1 Product A

7.2.2.2 Product B

7.2.3 Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.3 PerkinElmer (U.S.)

7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.3.2 Nano Medical Device Product Category, Application and Specification

7.3.2.1 Product A

7.3.2.2 Product B

7.3.3 PerkinElmer (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.4 Stryker Corporation (U.S.)

7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.4.2 Nano Medical Device Product Category, Application and Specification

7.4.2.1 Product A

7.4.2.2 Product B

7.4.3 Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.5 Affymetrix (U.S.)

7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.5.2 Nano Medical Device Product Category, Application and Specification

7.5.2.1 Product A

7.5.2.2 Product B

7.5.3 Affymetrix (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

...

8 Nano Medical Device Manufacturing Cost Analysis

8.1 Nano Medical Device Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.2.1 Raw Materials

8.2.2 Labor Cost

8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Nano Medical Device

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

9.1 Nano Medical Device Industrial Chain Analysis

9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Nano Medical Device Major Manufacturers in 2015

9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

10.1 Marketing Channel

10.1.1 Direct Marketing

10.1.2 Indirect Marketing

10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

10.2 Market Positioning

10.2.1 Pricing Strategy

10.2.2 Brand Strategy

10.2.3 Target Client

10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk

11.1.1 Substitutes Threat

11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 Global Nano Medical Device Market Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.1 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.2 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.3 Global Nano Medical Device Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2 Global Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption , Import and Export Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12.2.1 North America Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.2 Europe Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.3 China Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.4 Japan Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.5 Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.6 India Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.3 Global Nano Medical Device Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

12.4 Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Appendix

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach

14.1.1 Research Programs/Design

14.1.2 Market Size Estimation

14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

14.2 Data Source

14.2.1 Secondary Sources

14.2.2 Primary Sources

14.3 Disclaimer

Figure Picture of Nano Medical Device

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2016

Figure Product Picture of Biochip

Table Major Manufacturers of Biochip

Figure Product Picture of Implant Materials

Table Major Manufacturers of Implant Materials

Figure Product Picture of Medical Textiles

Table Major Manufacturers of Medical Textiles

Figure Product Picture of Wound Dressing

Table Major Manufacturers of Wound Dressing

Figure Product Picture of Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices

Table Major Manufacturers of Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices

Figure Product Picture of Hearing Aid

Table Major Manufacturers of Hearing Aid

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) by Applications (2012-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2016

Figure Therapeutic Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Therapeutic

Figure Diagnostic Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Diagnostic

Figure Research Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Research

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (K Units) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2012-2022)

Figure North America Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Japan Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure India Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Major Players Product Capacity (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Major Players Product Production (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Nano Medical Device Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2017 Nano Medical Device Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table 2016 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2017 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Market Nano Medical Device Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure Global Market Nano Medical Device Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Table Manufacturers Nano Medical Device Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table Manufacturers Nano Medical Device Product Category

Figure Nano Medical Device Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers

Figure Nano Medical Device Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Table Global Nano Medical Device Capacity (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global Nano Medical Device Capacity Market Share by Region

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global Nano Medical Device Production Market Share by Region

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Table 2016 Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share by Region

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table North America Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Europe Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table China Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Japan Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table India Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) Market Share by Region

Table North America Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Europe Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table China Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Japan Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table India Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Production Market Share of Nano Medical Device by Type (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Production Market Share of Nano Medical Device by Type

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Production Revenue Share of Nano Medical Device by Type (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Revenue Market Share of Nano Medical Device by Type

Table Global Nano Medical Device Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Applications (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Table St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure St.Jude Medical (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Starkey Hearing Technologies (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table PerkinElmer (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table PerkinElmer (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure PerkinElmer (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure PerkinElmer (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure PerkinElmer (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Stryker Corporation (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Affymetrix (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Affymetrix (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Affymetrix (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Affymetrix (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Affymetrix (U.S.) Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Nano Medical Device

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Nano Medical Device

Figure Nano Medical Device Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Nano Medical Device Major Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Nano Medical Device

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure North America Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure North America Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table North America Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Europe Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Europe Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Europe Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table China Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Japan Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Japan Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Japan Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Southeast Asia Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure India Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure India Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table India Nano Medical Device Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure Global Nano Medical Device Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Source