Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Market Report 2017

Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Market Report 2017

1 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

1.2 Classification of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

1.2.1 Type I

1.2.2 Type II

1.3 Application of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

1.3.1 Application 1

1.3.2 Application 2

1.4 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market by Regions

1.4.1 United States Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.2 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Korea Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Taiwan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value and Volume) of Mercury-Xenon Lamps (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Competition by Manufacturers, Type and Application

2.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume and Value) by Type

2.2.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.2.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.3 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume and Value) by Regions

2.3.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

2.3.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

2.4 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume) by Application

3 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

3.1 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

3.1.1 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.2 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.3 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

3.2 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

3.3 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

3.4 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

4 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

4.1 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

4.1.1 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.2 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.3 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

4.2 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.3 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

4.4 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

5 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

5.1 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

5.1.1 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.2 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.3 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

5.2 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

5.3 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

5.4 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

6 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

6.1 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

6.1.1 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.2 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.3 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

6.2 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

6.3 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

6.4 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

7 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

7.1 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

7.1.1 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.2 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.3 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

7.2 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

7.3 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

7.4 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

8 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

8.1 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Value (2012-2017)

8.1.1 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.2 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.3 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

8.2 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

8.3 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type

8.4 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application

9 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Manufacturers Analysis

9.1 OSRAM

9.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.1.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.1.2.1 Product A

9.1.2.2 Product B

9.1.3 OSRAM Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.2 PHILIPS

9.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.2.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.2.2.1 Product A

9.2.2.2 Product B

9.2.3 PHILIPS Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.3 Panasonic

9.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.3.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.3.2.1 Product A

9.3.2.2 Product B

9.3.3 Panasonic Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.4 GE

9.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.4.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.4.2.1 Product A

9.4.2.2 Product B

9.4.3 GE Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.5 CNLIGHT

9.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.5.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.5.2.1 Product A

9.5.2.2 Product B

9.5.3 CNLIGHT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.6 CHINT

9.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.6.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.6.2.1 Product A

9.6.2.2 Product B

9.6.3 CHINT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.7 KONICAMINOLTA

9.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.7.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.7.2.1 Product A

9.7.2.2 Product B

9.7.3 KONICAMINOLTA Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.8 FSL

9.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.8.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.8.2.1 Product A

9.8.2.2 Product B

9.8.3 FSL Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.9 USHIO

9.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.9.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.9.2.1 Product A

9.9.2.2 Product B

9.9.3 USHIO Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.10 Everfine

9.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

9.10.2 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Product Type, Application and Specification

9.10.2.1 Product A

9.10.2.2 Product B

9.10.3 Everfine Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

9.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

9.11 Hamamatsu

10 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Maufacturing Cost Analysis

10.1 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Key Raw Materials Analysis

10.1.1 Key Raw Materials

10.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

10.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

10.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

10.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

10.2.1 Raw Materials

10.2.2 Labor Cost

10.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

11 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

11.1 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Industrial Chain Analysis

11.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

11.3 Raw Materials Sources of Mercury-Xenon Lamps Major Manufacturers in 2015

11.4 Downstream Buyers

12 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

12.1 Marketing Channel

12.1.1 Direct Marketing

12.1.2 Indirect Marketing

12.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

12.2 Market Positioning

12.2.1 Pricing Strategy

12.2.2 Brand Strategy

12.2.3 Target Client

12.3 Distributors/Traders List

13 Market Effect Factors Analysis

13.1 Technology Progress/Risk

13.1.1 Substitutes Threat

13.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

13.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

13.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

14 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1.1 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1.3 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

14.2.1 United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2.2 China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2.3 Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2.4 Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2.5 Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2.6 Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

14.3 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

14.4 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

15 Research Findings and Conclusion

16 Appendix

Methodology

Analyst Introduction

Data Source

Figure Picture of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Table Classification of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Figure Global Sales Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Type in 2015

Figure Type I Picture

Figure Type II Picture

Table Applications of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Figure Global Sales Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Application in 2015

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2015 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table 2015 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Growth Rate by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue Growth Rate by Regions (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Mercury-Xenon Lamps by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table United States Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table China Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table Europe Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table Japan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table Korea Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Type (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales by Application (2012-2017)

Table Taiwan Mercury-Xenon Lamps Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Table OSRAM Basic Information List

Table OSRAM Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure OSRAM Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table PHILIPS Basic Information List

Table PHILIPS Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure PHILIPS Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Panasonic Basic Information List

Table Panasonic Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Panasonic Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table GE Basic Information List

Table GE Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure GE Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table CNLIGHT Basic Information List

Table CNLIGHT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure CNLIGHT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table CHINT Basic Information List

Table CHINT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure CHINT Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table KONICAMINOLTA Basic Information List

Table KONICAMINOLTA Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure KONICAMINOLTA Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table FSL Basic Information List

Table FSL Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure FSL Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table USHIO Basic Information List

Table USHIO Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure USHIO Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Everfine Basic Information List

Table Everfine Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Everfine Mercury-Xenon Lamps Global Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hamamatsu Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Figure Mercury-Xenon Lamps Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Mercury-Xenon Lamps Major Manufacturers in 2015

Table Major Buyers of Mercury-Xenon Lamps

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Mercury-Xenon Lamps Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)