Global ABS Market Research Report 2017

Global ABS Market Research Report 2017

1 ABS Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of ABS

1.2 ABS Segment by Type (Product Category)

1.2.1 Global ABS Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2012-2022)

1.2.2 Global ABS Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Emulsion Graft Copolymerization

1.2.4 Bulk Copolymerization

1.2.5 Others

1.3 Global ABS Segment by Application

1.3.1 ABS Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Automobiles Industry

1.3.3 Electronic Industry

1.3.4 Others

1.4 Global ABS Market by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.1 Global ABS Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of ABS (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Global ABS Revenue Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Global ABS Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

2 Global ABS Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global ABS Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.1 Global ABS Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.2 Global ABS Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 Global ABS Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 Global ABS Average Price by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 Manufacturers ABS Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type

2.5 ABS Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 ABS Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 ABS Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Global ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 Global ABS Capacity and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 Global ABS Production and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 Global ABS Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.4 Global ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.5 North America ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.6 Europe ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.7 China ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.8 Japan ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.9 Southeast Asia ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.10 India ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

4 Global ABS Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2012-2017)

4.1 Global ABS Consumption by Region (2012-2017)

4.2 North America ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.3 Europe ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.4 China ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.5 Japan ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.6 Southeast Asia ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.7 India ABS Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

5 Global ABS Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

5.1 Global ABS Production and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.2 Global ABS Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.3 Global ABS Price by Type (2012-2017)

5.4 Global ABS Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)

6 Global ABS Market Analysis by Application

6.1 Global ABS Consumption and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

6.2 Global ABS Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6.3.1 Potential Applications

6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 Global ABS Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis

7.1 CHIMEI

7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.1.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.1.2.1 Product A

7.1.2.2 Product B

7.1.3 CHIMEI ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.2 Styrolution

7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.2.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.2.2.1 Product A

7.2.2.2 Product B

7.2.3 Styrolution ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.3 LG Chemical

7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.3.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.3.2.1 Product A

7.3.2.2 Product B

7.3.3 LG Chemical ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.4 Trinseo

7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.4.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.4.2.1 Product A

7.4.2.2 Product B

7.4.3 Trinseo ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.5 SABIC

7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.5.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.5.2.1 Product A

7.5.2.2 Product B

7.5.3 SABIC ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.6 Samsung SDI Chemical

7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.6.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.6.2.1 Product A

7.6.2.2 Product B

7.6.3 Samsung SDI Chemical ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.7 Toray

7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.7.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.7.2.1 Product A

7.7.2.2 Product B

7.7.3 Toray ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.8 Formosa

7.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.8.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.8.2.1 Product A

7.8.2.2 Product B

7.8.3 Formosa ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.9 JSR

7.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.9.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.9.2.1 Product A

7.9.2.2 Product B

7.9.3 JSR ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.10 KKPC

7.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.10.2 ABS Product Category, Application and Specification

7.10.2.1 Product A

7.10.2.2 Product B

7.10.3 KKPC ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

7.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.11 UMG ABS

8 ABS Manufacturing Cost Analysis

8.1 ABS Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.2.1 Raw Materials

8.2.2 Labor Cost

8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of ABS

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

9.1 ABS Industrial Chain Analysis

9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

9.3 Raw Materials Sources of ABS Major Manufacturers in 2015

9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

10.1 Marketing Channel

10.1.1 Direct Marketing

10.1.2 Indirect Marketing

10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

10.2 Market Positioning

10.2.1 Pricing Strategy

10.2.2 Brand Strategy

10.2.3 Target Client

10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk

11.1.1 Substitutes Threat

11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 Global ABS Market Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1 Global ABS Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.1 Global ABS Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.2 Global ABS Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

12.1.3 Global ABS Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2 Global ABS Production, Consumption , Import and Export Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12.2.1 North America ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.2 Europe ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.3 China ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.4 Japan ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.5 Southeast Asia ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.2.6 India ABS Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)

12.3 Global ABS Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

12.4 Global ABS Consumption Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Appendix

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach

14.1.1 Research Programs/Design

14.1.2 Market Size Estimation

14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

14.2 Data Source

14.2.1 Secondary Sources

14.2.2 Primary Sources

14.3 Disclaimer

Figure Picture of ABS

Figure Global ABS Production (MT) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)

Figure Global ABS Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2016

Figure Product Picture of Emulsion Graft Copolymerization

Table Major Manufacturers of Emulsion Graft Copolymerization

Figure Product Picture of Bulk Copolymerization

Table Major Manufacturers of Bulk Copolymerization

Figure Product Picture of Others

Table Major Manufacturers of Others

Figure Global ABS Consumption (MT) by Applications (2012-2022)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2016

Figure Automobiles Industry Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Automobiles Industry

Figure Electronic Industry Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Electronic Industry

Figure Others Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Others

Figure Global ABS Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (MT) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2012-2022)

Figure North America ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Japan ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure India ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

Figure Global ABS Capacity, Production (MT) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

Figure Global ABS Major Players Product Capacity (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Figure Global ABS Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Figure Global ABS Major Players Product Production (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Production (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Production Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 ABS Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2017 ABS Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure Global ABS Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table 2016 Global ABS Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2017 Global ABS Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Market ABS Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure Global Market ABS Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2016

Table Manufacturers ABS Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table Manufacturers ABS Product Category

Figure ABS Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers

Figure ABS Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Table Global ABS Capacity (MT) by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global ABS Capacity Market Share by Region

Table Global ABS Production by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Production (MT) by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Production Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global ABS Production Market Share by Region

Table Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Table 2016 Global ABS Revenue Market Share by Region

Figure Global ABS Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table North America ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Europe ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table China ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Japan ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Southeast Asia ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table India ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Consumption (MT) Market by Region (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Global ABS Consumption (MT) Market Share by Region

Table North America ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Europe ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table China ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Japan ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Southeast Asia ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table India ABS Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Production (MT) by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Production Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Production Market Share of ABS by Type (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Production Market Share of ABS by Type

Table Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Production Revenue Share of ABS by Type (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 Revenue Market Share of ABS by Type

Table Global ABS Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Consumption (MT) by Application (2012-2017)

Table Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Applications (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016

Table Global ABS Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)

Table CHIMEI Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table CHIMEI ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure CHIMEI ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure CHIMEI ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure CHIMEI ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Styrolution Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Styrolution ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Styrolution ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Styrolution ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Styrolution ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table LG Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table LG Chemical ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure LG Chemical ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure LG Chemical ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure LG Chemical ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Trinseo Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Trinseo ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Trinseo ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Trinseo ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Trinseo ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table SABIC Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table SABIC ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure SABIC ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure SABIC ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure SABIC ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Samsung SDI Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Samsung SDI Chemical ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Samsung SDI Chemical ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Samsung SDI Chemical ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Samsung SDI Chemical ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Toray Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Toray ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Toray ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Toray ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Toray ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Formosa Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Formosa ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Formosa ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Formosa ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure Formosa ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table JSR Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table JSR ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure JSR ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure JSR ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure JSR ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table KKPC Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table KKPC ABS Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure KKPC ABS Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure KKPC ABS Production Market Share (2012-2017)

Figure KKPC ABS Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of ABS

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of ABS

Figure ABS Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of ABS Major Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of ABS

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global ABS Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Production (MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Consumption (MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

Figure North America ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure North America ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table North America ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Europe ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Europe ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Europe ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table China ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Japan ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Japan ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Japan ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Southeast Asia ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Southeast Asia ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure India ABS Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure India ABS Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table India ABS Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global ABS Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure Global ABS Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Source