Europe Volumetric Titrator Market Report 2017

Europe Volumetric Titrator Market Report 2017

1 Volumetric Titrator Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Volumetric Titrator

1.2 Classification of Volumetric Titrator

1.2.1 Type I

1.2.2 Type II

1.3 Application of Volumetric Titrator

1.3.1 Application 1

1.3.2 Application 2

1.4 Volumetric Titrator Market by Countries

1.4.1 Germany Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.2 France Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 UK Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Russia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Italy Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Spain Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 Benelux Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Volumetric Titrator (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 Europe Volumetric Titrator by Manufacturers, Type and Application

2.1 Europe Volumetric Titrator Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1.1 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.1.2 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.2 Europe Volumetric Titrator (Volume and Value) by Type

2.2.1 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.2.2 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.3 Europe Volumetric Titrator (Volume and Value) by Countries

2.3.1 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

2.3.2 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

2.4 Europe Volumetric Titrator (Volume) by Application

3 Germany Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

3.1 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

3.1.1 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.2 Germany Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.3 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

3.2 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

3.3 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

3.4 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

4 France Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

4.1 France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

4.1.1 France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.2 France Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.4 France Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

4.2 France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.3 France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

4.4 France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

5 UK Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

5.1 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

5.1.1 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.2 UK Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.5 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

5.2 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

5.3 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

5.4 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

6 Russia Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

6.1 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

6.1.1 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.2 Russia Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.6 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

6.2 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

6.3 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

6.4 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

7 Italy Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

7.1 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

7.1.1 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.2 Italy Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.7 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

7.2 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

7.3 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

7.4 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

8 Spain Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

8.1 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

8.1.1 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.2 Spain Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.8 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

8.2 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

8.3 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

8.4 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

9 Benelux Volumetric Titrator (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

9.1 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Value (2012-2017)

9.1.1 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.2 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.9 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

9.2 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

9.3 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type

9.4 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application

10 Europe Volumetric Titrator Manufacturers Analysis

10.1 COSA Xentaur

10.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.1.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.1.2.1 Product A

10.1.2.2 Product B

10.1.3 COSA Xentaur Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.2 CSC Scientific Company

10.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.2.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.2.2.1 Product A

10.2.2.2 Product B

10.2.3 CSC Scientific Company Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.3 DKK-TOA CORPORATION

10.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.3.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.3.2.1 Product A

10.3.2.2 Product B

10.3.3 DKK-TOA CORPORATION Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.4 Evoqua Water Technologies LLC

10.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.4.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.4.2.1 Product A

10.4.2.2 Product B

10.4.3 Evoqua Water Technologies LLC Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.5 GR Scientific

10.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.5.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.5.2.1 Product A

10.5.2.2 Product B

10.5.3 GR Scientific Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.6 Hach Company

10.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.6.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.6.2.1 Product A

10.6.2.2 Product B

10.6.3 Hach Company Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.7 Hanna Instruments

10.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.7.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.7.2.1 Product A

10.7.2.2 Product B

10.7.3 Hanna Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.8 Hiranuma Sangyo

10.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.8.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.8.2.1 Product A

10.8.2.2 Product B

10.8.3 Hiranuma Sangyo Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.9 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH

10.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.9.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.9.2.1 Product A

10.9.2.2 Product B

10.9.3 Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.10 Jinan Hanon Instruments

10.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.10.2 Volumetric Titrator Product Type, Application and Specification

10.10.2.1 Product A

10.10.2.2 Product B

10.10.3 Jinan Hanon Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.11 Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing

10.12 Metrohm AG

11 Volumetric Titrator Manufacturing Cost Analysis

11.1 Volumetric Titrator Key Raw Materials Analysis

11.1.1 Key Raw Materials

11.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

11.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

11.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

11.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

11.2.1 Raw Materials

11.2.2 Labor Cost

11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

11.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Volumetric Titrator

12 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

12.1 Volumetric Titrator Industrial Chain Analysis

12.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

12.3 Raw Materials Sources of Volumetric Titrator Major Manufacturers in 2015

12.4 Downstream Buyers

13 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

13.1 Marketing Channel

13.1.1 Direct Marketing

13.1.2 Indirect Marketing

13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

13.2 Market Positioning

13.2.1 Pricing Strategy

13.2.2 Brand Strategy

13.2.3 Target Client

13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 Europe Volumetric Titrator Market Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1 Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2 France Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.3 UK Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.4 Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.5 Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.6 Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.7 Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.8 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

14.9 Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

15 Research Findings and Conclusion

16 Appendix

Methodology

Analyst Introduction

Data Source

Figure Picture of Volumetric Titrator

Table Classification of Volumetric Titrator

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Type in 2015

Figure Type I Picture

Figure Type II Picture

Table Application of Volumetric Titrator

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Application in 2015

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Figure 2015 Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table 2015 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Revenue Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Volumetric Titrator by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table France Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Volumetric Titrator Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Volumetric Titrator Basic Information List

Table COSA Xentaur Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure COSA Xentaur Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table CSC Scientific Company Basic Information List

Table CSC Scientific Company Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table CSC Scientific Company Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table DKK-TOA CORPORATION Basic Information List

Table DKK-TOA CORPORATION Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table DKK-TOA CORPORATION Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Evoqua Water Technologies LLC Basic Information List

Table Evoqua Water Technologies LLC Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Evoqua Water Technologies LLC Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table GR Scientific Basic Information List

Table GR Scientific Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table GR Scientific Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hach Company Basic Information List

Table Hach Company Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hach Company Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hanna Instruments Basic Information List

Table Hanna Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hanna Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hiranuma Sangyo Basic Information List

Table Hiranuma Sangyo Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hiranuma Sangyo Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH Basic Information List

Table Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hirschmann Laborgerate GmbH Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Jinan Hanon Instruments Basic Information List

Table Jinan Hanon Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Jinan Hanon Instruments Volumetric Titrator Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Basic Information List

Table Metrohm AG Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Volumetric Titrator

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Volumetric Titrator

Figure Volumetric Titrator Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Volumetric Titrator Major Manufacturers in 2015

Table Major Buyers of Volumetric Titrator

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Germany Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure France Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure UK Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Russia Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Italy Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Spain Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Benelux Volumetric Titrator Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Europe Volumetric Titrator Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)