Europe Difenacoum Solution Market Report 2017

Europe Difenacoum Solution Market Report 2017

1 Difenacoum Solution Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Difenacoum Solution

1.2 Classification of Difenacoum Solution

1.2.1 Type I

1.2.2 Type II

1.3 Application of Difenacoum Solution

1.3.1 Application 1

1.3.2 Application 2

1.4 Difenacoum Solution Market by Countries

1.4.1 Germany Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.2 France Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 UK Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Russia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Italy Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Spain Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 Benelux Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Difenacoum Solution (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 Europe Difenacoum Solution by Manufacturers, Type and Application

2.1 Europe Difenacoum Solution Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1.1 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.1.2 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.2 Europe Difenacoum Solution (Volume and Value) by Type

2.2.1 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.2.2 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

2.3 Europe Difenacoum Solution (Volume and Value) by Countries

2.3.1 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

2.3.2 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

2.4 Europe Difenacoum Solution (Volume) by Application

3 Germany Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

3.1 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

3.1.1 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.2 Germany Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

3.1.3 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

3.2 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

3.3 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

3.4 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

4 France Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

4.1 France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

4.1.1 France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.2 France Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

4.1.4 France Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

4.2 France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

4.3 France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

4.4 France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

5 UK Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

5.1 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

5.1.1 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.2 UK Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

5.1.5 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

5.2 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

5.3 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

5.4 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

6 Russia Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

6.1 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

6.1.1 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.2 Russia Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.6 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

6.2 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

6.3 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

6.4 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

7 Italy Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

7.1 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

7.1.1 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.2 Italy Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.7 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

7.2 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

7.3 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

7.4 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

8 Spain Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

8.1 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

8.1.1 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.2 Spain Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.8 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

8.2 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

8.3 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

8.4 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

9 Benelux Difenacoum Solution (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

9.1 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Value (2012-2017)

9.1.1 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.2 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.9 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

9.2 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

9.3 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type

9.4 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application

10 Europe Difenacoum Solution Manufacturers Analysis

10.1 BOC Sciences

10.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.1.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.1.2.1 Product A

10.1.2.2 Product B

10.1.3 BOC Sciences Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.2 Toronto Research Chemicals

10.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.2.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.2.2.1 Product A

10.2.2.2 Product B

10.2.3 Toronto Research Chemicals Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.3 Alfa Chemistry

10.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.3.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.3.2.1 Product A

10.3.2.2 Product B

10.3.3 Alfa Chemistry Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.4 AlliChem

10.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.4.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.4.2.1 Product A

10.4.2.2 Product B

10.4.3 AlliChem Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.5 Pfaltz & Bauer

10.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.5.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.5.2.1 Product A

10.5.2.2 Product B

10.5.3 Pfaltz & Bauer Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.6 Crescent Chemical

10.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.6.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.6.2.1 Product A

10.6.2.2 Product B

10.6.3 Crescent Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.7 Changzhou Share Chemical

10.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.7.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.7.2.1 Product A

10.7.2.2 Product B

10.7.3 Changzhou Share Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.8 Hangzhou Yuhao Chemical Technology

10.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.8.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.8.2.1 Product A

10.8.2.2 Product B

10.8.3 Hangzhou Yuhao Chemical Technology Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.9 Alta Scientific

10.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.9.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.9.2.1 Product A

10.9.2.2 Product B

10.9.3 Alta Scientific Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.10 Hallochem Pharma

10.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

10.10.2 Difenacoum Solution Product Type, Application and Specification

10.10.2.1 Product A

10.10.2.2 Product B

10.10.3 Hallochem Pharma Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

10.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

10.11 Yick-Vic Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals

10.12 King Tang Chemical Group Industry

11 Difenacoum Solution Manufacturing Cost Analysis

11.1 Difenacoum Solution Key Raw Materials Analysis

11.1.1 Key Raw Materials

11.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

11.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

11.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

11.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

11.2.1 Raw Materials

11.2.2 Labor Cost

11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

11.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Difenacoum Solution

12 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

12.1 Difenacoum Solution Industrial Chain Analysis

12.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

12.3 Raw Materials Sources of Difenacoum Solution Major Manufacturers in 2015

12.4 Downstream Buyers

13 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

13.1 Marketing Channel

13.1.1 Direct Marketing

13.1.2 Indirect Marketing

13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

13.2 Market Positioning

13.2.1 Pricing Strategy

13.2.2 Brand Strategy

13.2.3 Target Client

13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 Europe Difenacoum Solution Market Forecast (2017-2022)

14.1 Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.2 France Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.3 UK Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.4 Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.5 Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.6 Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.7 Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast (2017-2022)

14.8 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

14.9 Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

15 Research Findings and Conclusion

16 Appendix

Methodology

Analyst Introduction

Data Source

Figure Picture of Difenacoum Solution

Table Classification of Difenacoum Solution

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Type in 2015

Figure Type I Picture

Figure Type II Picture

Table Application of Difenacoum Solution

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Application in 2015

Figure Application 1 Examples

Figure Application 2 Examples

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Figure 2015 Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table 2015 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Revenue Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Difenacoum Solution by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table France Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Difenacoum Solution Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Difenacoum Solution Basic Information List

Table BOC Sciences Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure BOC Sciences Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Toronto Research Chemicals Basic Information List

Table Toronto Research Chemicals Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Toronto Research Chemicals Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Alfa Chemistry Basic Information List

Table Alfa Chemistry Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Alfa Chemistry Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table AlliChem Basic Information List

Table AlliChem Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table AlliChem Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Pfaltz & Bauer Basic Information List

Table Pfaltz & Bauer Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Pfaltz & Bauer Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Crescent Chemical Basic Information List

Table Crescent Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Crescent Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Changzhou Share Chemical Basic Information List

Table Changzhou Share Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Changzhou Share Chemical Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hangzhou Yuhao Chemical Technology Basic Information List

Table Hangzhou Yuhao Chemical Technology Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hangzhou Yuhao Chemical Technology Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Alta Scientific Basic Information List

Table Alta Scientific Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Alta Scientific Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hallochem Pharma Basic Information List

Table Hallochem Pharma Difenacoum Solution Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Hallochem Pharma Difenacoum Solution Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Yick-Vic Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List

Table King Tang Chemical Group Industry Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Difenacoum Solution

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Difenacoum Solution

Figure Difenacoum Solution Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Difenacoum Solution Major Manufacturers in 2015

Table Major Buyers of Difenacoum Solution

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Germany Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure France Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure UK Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Russia Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Italy Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Spain Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure Benelux Difenacoum Solution Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Table Europe Difenacoum Solution Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)