Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Research Report Forecast 2017-2021

1 Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Austenitic Stainless Steels

1.2 Classification of Austenitic Stainless Steels

1.2.1 Type 1

1.2.2 Type 2

1.2.3 Type 3

1.3 Application of Austenitic Stainless Steels

1.3.2 Construction

1.3.3 Automotive

1.3.4 Shipbuilding

1.4 Austenitic Stainless Steels Market States Status and Prospect (2012-2021) by Countries

1.4.1 Germany

1.4.2 France

1.4.3 UK

1.4.4 Russia

1.4.5 Italy

1.4.6 Spain

1.4.7 Benelux

1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Austenitic Stainless Steels (2012-2021)

1.5.1 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

1.5.2 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

2 Europe Economic Impact on Austenitic Stainless Steels Industry

2.1 Europe Macroeconomic Analysis

2.2 Europe Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

3 Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufacturing Cost Analysis

3.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels Key Raw Materials Analysis

3.1.1 Key Raw Materials

3.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

3.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

3.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

3.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

3.2.1 Raw Materials

3.2.2 Labor Cost

3.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Austenitic Stainless Steels

4 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

4.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels Industrial Chain Analysis

4.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

4.3 Raw Materials Sources of Austenitic Stainless Steels Major Manufacturers in 2015

4.4 Downstream Buyers

5 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Analysis by Manufacturers, Type and Application

5.1 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Competition by Manufacturers

5.1.1 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

5.1.2 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

5.2 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume and Value) by Type

5.2.1 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.2.2 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

5.3 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume and Value) by Countries

5.3.1 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

5.3.2 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

5.4 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume) by Application

6 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

6.1 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

6.1.1 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.2 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

6.1.3 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

6.2 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

6.3 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

6.4 Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

7 France Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

7.1 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

7.1.1 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.2 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

7.1.3 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

7.2 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

7.3 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

7.4 France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

8 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

8.1 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

8.1.1 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.2 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

8.1.3 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

8.2 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

8.3 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

8.4 UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

9 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

9.1 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

9.1.1 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.2 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

9.1.3 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

9.2 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

9.3 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

9.4 Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

10 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

10.1 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

10.1.1 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

10.1.2 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

10.1.3 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

10.2 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

10.3 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

10.4 Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

11 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

11.1 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

11.1.1 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

11.1.2 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

11.1.3 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

11.2 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

11.3 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

11.4 Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

12 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels (Volume, Value and Sales Price)

12.1 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Value (2012-2017)

12.1.1 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

12.1.2 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

12.1.3 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

12.2 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers

12.3 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type

12.4 Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application

13 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufacturers Analysis

13.1 Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation (China)

13.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.1.4 Business Overview

13.2 ArcelorMittal S.A. (Luxembourg)

13.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.2.4 Business Overview

13.3 Baosteel Co., Ltd (China)

13.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.3.4 Business Overview

13.4 EVRAZ Group S.A. (Russia)

13.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.4.4 Business Overview

13.5 EVRAZ NTMK (Russia)

13.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.5.4 Business Overview

13.6 Gerdau S.A. (Brazil)

13.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.6.4 Business Overview

13.7 Hebei Iron and Steel Group Company Limited (China)

13.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.7.4 Business Overview

13.8 JFE Steel Corporation (Japan)

13.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.8.4 Business Overview

13.9 Jiangsu Shagang Group (China)

13.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

13.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification

13.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

13.9.4 Business Overview

…

13 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

13.1 Marketing Channel

13.1.1 Direct Marketing

13.1.2 Indirect Marketing

13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

13.2 Market Positioning

13.2.1 Pricing Strategy

13.2.2 Brand Strategy

13.2.3 Target Client

13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 Market Effect Factors Analysis

14.1 Technology Progress/Risk

14.1.1 Substitutes Threat

14.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

14.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

14.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

15 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.1 Germany Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.2 France Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.3 UK Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.4 Russia Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.5 Italy Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.6 Spain Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.7 Benelux Market Forecast (2017-2021)

15.8 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Forecast by Type (2017-2021)

15.9 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Forecast by Application (2017-2021)

16 Appendix

Table Classification of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Type in 2015

Table Application of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Application in 2015

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Figure Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Figure 2015 Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2016 Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table 2015 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2016 Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue Share by Countries (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Countries (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Sales Market Share of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Application (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table France Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)

Table Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation (China) Basic Information List

Table Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table ArcelorMittal S.A. (Luxembourg) Basic Information List

Table ArcelorMittal S.A. (Luxembourg) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table ArcelorMittal S.A. (Luxembourg) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Baosteel Co., Ltd (China) Basic Information List

Table Baosteel Co., Ltd (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Baosteel Co., Ltd (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table EVRAZ Group S.A. (Russia) Basic Information List

Table EVRAZ Group S.A. (Russia) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table EVRAZ Group S.A. (Russia) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table EVRAZ NTMK (Russia) Basic Information List

Table EVRAZ NTMK (Russia) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure EVRAZ NTMK (Russia) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Gerdau S.A. (Brazil) Basic Information List

Table Gerdau S.A. (Brazil) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table Gerdau S.A. (Brazil) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Hebei Iron and Steel Group Company Limited (China) Basic Information List

Table Hebei Iron and Steel Group Company Limited (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Hebei Iron and Steel Group Company Limited (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table JFE Steel Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List

Table JFE Steel Corporation (Japan) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Table JFE Steel Corporation (Japan) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017)

Table Jiangsu Shagang Group (China) Basic Information List

Table Jiangsu Shagang Group (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

Figure Jiangsu Shagang Group (China) Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Market Share (2012-2017).

…

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Figure Austenitic Stainless Steels Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Austenitic Stainless Steels Major Manufacturers in 2015

Table Major Buyers of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Germany Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure France Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure UK Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Russia Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Italy Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Spain Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Figure Benelux Austenitic Stainless Steels Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2021)

Table Europe Austenitic Stainless Steels Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2021)