China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Research Report 2018

China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Research Report 2017

1 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

1.2 Classification of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures by Product Category

1.2.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2016

1.2.3 Powder

1.2.4 Liquid

1.3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Construction

1.3.3 Dams

1.3.4 Runways

1.3.5 Flooring applications

1.3.6 Decorative concrete

1.3.7 Others

1.4 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market by Region

1.4.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 South China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 East China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Southwest China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Northeast China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 North China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 Central China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures (2012-2022)

1.5.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

1.5.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Competition by Players/Manufacturers

2.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market

2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales and Revenue by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 China "&B1&" Sales and Revenue by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)"

4.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)

4.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 China "&B1&" Sales by Application (2012-2017)"

5.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Sika Corporation U.S.

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Vitro Minerals, Inc.

6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.2.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 BASF

6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.3.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 Filtron Envirotech (India)

6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.4.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 Euclid Chemical

6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.5.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 PremierMagnesia LLC

6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.6.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Mapei S.p.A

6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.7.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 DRACO Italiana SpA

6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.8.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.9 CICO Group

6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.9.2 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category, Application and Specification

6.9.2.1 Product A

6.9.2.2 Product B

6.9.3 CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Methodology and Data Source

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

13.4 Author List

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)

Table Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type

Table Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) by Application (2016-2022)

Figure Product Picture of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016

Figure Powder Product Picture

Figure Liquid Product Picture

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures by Application in 2016

Figure Construction Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Construction

Figure Dams Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Dams

Figure Runways Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Runways

Figure Flooring applications Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Flooring applications

Figure Decorative concrete Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Decorative concrete

Figure Others Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Others

Figure South China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure East China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Northeast China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure North China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Central China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Market Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure China Market Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

Table China Players/Manufacturers Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table China Players/Manufacturers Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Product Category

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures by Type in 2016

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Price (USD/MT) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) by Applications (2012-2017)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Table Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Sika Corporation U.S. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Vitro Minerals, Inc. Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure BASF Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Filtron Envirotech (India) Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Euclid Chemical Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure PremierMagnesia LLC Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Mapei S.p.A Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure DRACO Italiana SpA Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Basic Information List

Table CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure CICO Group Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

Figure Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Table China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources