China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Research Report 2018

China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Research Report 2017

1 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

1.2 Classification of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil by Product Category

1.2.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2016

1.2.3 TPC Copper Foil

1.2.4 HA Copper Foil

1.2.5 HS Copper Foil

1.3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Copper Clad Laminate

1.3.3 Printed Circuit Boards

1.3.4 Li-ion Battery

1.4 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market by Region

1.4.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 South China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 East China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Southwest China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Northeast China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 North China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 Central China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil (2012-2022)

1.5.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

1.5.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Competition by Players/Manufacturers

2.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market

2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales and Revenue by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales and Revenue by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)

4.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)

4.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales by Application (2012-2017)

5.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Circuit Foil

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Rogers Corp.

6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.2.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 PFC Flexible Circuits

6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.3.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 Goettle

6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.4.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 Suzhou Fukuda Metal

6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.5.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery

6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.6.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Linbao WASON Copper Foil

6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.7.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries

6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.8.2 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Methodology and Data Source

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

13.4 Author List

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)

Table Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type

Table Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) by Application (2016-2022)

Figure Product Picture of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016

Figure TPC Copper Foil Product Picture

Figure HA Copper Foil Product Picture

Figure HS Copper Foil Product Picture

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil by Application in 2016

Figure Copper Clad Laminate Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Copper Clad Laminate

Figure Printed Circuit Boards Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Printed Circuit Boards

Figure Li-ion Battery Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Li-ion Battery

Figure South China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure East China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Northeast China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure North China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Central China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Market Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure China Market Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

Table China Players/Manufacturers Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table China Players/Manufacturers Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Product Category

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil by Type in 2016

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Price (USD/MT) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) by Applications (2012-2017)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Table Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Circuit Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Rogers Corp. Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure PFC Flexible Circuits Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Goettle Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Suzhou Fukuda Metal Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Anhui Tonglguan Mechinery Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Linbao WASON Copper Foil Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Basic Information List

Table Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Suiwa High Technology Electronic Industries Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

Figure Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Table China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Roll-Annealed (RA) Copper Foil Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources