China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Research Report 2018

China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Research Report 2017

1 Phycocyanin Pigment Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Phycocyanin Pigment

1.2 Classification of Phycocyanin Pigment by Product Category

1.2.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)

1.2.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Market Share by Type in 2016

1.2.3 Food Grader

1.2.4 Cosmetic Grade

1.2.5 Pharmaceutical Grade

1.3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market by Application/End Users

1.3.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Food Industry

1.3.3 Dietary Supplements

1.3.4 Cosmetic Industry

1.3.5 Pharmaceutical Industry

1.3.6 Chemicals

1.4 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market by Region

1.4.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 South China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 East China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Southwest China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Northeast China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 North China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 Central China Phycocyanin Pigment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Phycocyanin Pigment (2012-2022)

1.5.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

1.5.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Competition by Players/Manufacturers

2.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Average Price (USD/Kg) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.4.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Concentration Rate

2.4.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market

2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Phycocyanin Pigment Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales and Revenue by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Price (USD/Kg) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales and Revenue by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)

4.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)

4.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

4.3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Price (USD/Kg) by Type (2012-2017)

4.4 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales by Application (2012-2017)

5.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)

5.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 China Phycocyanin Pigment Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data

6.1 Earthrise Nutritional

6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.1.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.1.2.1 Product A

6.1.2.2 Product B

6.1.3 Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.2 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals

6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.2.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.2.2.1 Product A

6.2.2.2 Product B

6.2.3 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.3 Japan Algae Co., Ltd

6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.3.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.3.2.1 Product A

6.3.2.2 Product B

6.3.3 Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.4 Parry Nutraceuticals

6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.4.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.4.2.1 Product A

6.4.2.2 Product B

6.4.3 Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.5 Prozyme

6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.5.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.5.2.1 Product A

6.5.2.2 Product B

6.5.3 Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.6 Ozone Naturals

6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.6.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.6.2.1 Product A

6.6.2.2 Product B

6.6.3 Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.7 Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited

6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.7.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.7.2.1 Product A

6.7.2.2 Product B

6.7.3 Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.8 EcoFuel Laboratories

6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.8.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.8.2.1 Product A

6.8.2.2 Product B

6.8.3 EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.9 Nan Pao International Biotech

6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.9.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.9.2.1 Product A

6.9.2.2 Product B

6.9.3 Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.10 King Dnarmsa Spirulina

6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

6.10.2 Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category, Application and Specification

6.10.2.1 Product A

6.10.2.2 Product B

6.10.3 King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

6.11 Zhejiang Binmei Biotechnology

6.12 Wuli Lvqi

6.13 Norland Biotech

6.14 Fuqing King Dnarmsa Spirulina

6.15 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC

6.16 Xian Sonwu Biotech Co., Ltd

7 Phycocyanin Pigment Manufacturing Cost Analysis

7.1 Phycocyanin Pigment Key Raw Materials Analysis

7.1.1 Key Raw Materials

7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

7.2.1 Raw Materials

7.2.2 Labor Cost

7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Phycocyanin Pigment

8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

8.1 Phycocyanin Pigment Industrial Chain Analysis

8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Phycocyanin Pigment Major Manufacturers in 2016

8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

9.1 Marketing Channel

9.1.1 Direct Marketing

9.1.2 Indirect Marketing

9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

9.2 Market Positioning

9.2.1 Pricing Strategy

9.2.2 Brand Strategy

9.2.3 Target Client

9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 Market Effect Factors Analysis

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk

10.1.1 Substitutes Threat

10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.1 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)

11.2 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

11.3 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

11.4 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

13 Methodology and Data Source

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach

13.1.1 Research Programs/Design

13.1.2 Market Size Estimation

13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

13.2 Data Source

13.2.1 Secondary Sources

13.2.2 Primary Sources

13.3 Disclaimer

13.4 Author List

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)

Table Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type

Table Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) by Application (2016-2022)

Figure Product Picture of Phycocyanin Pigment

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016

Figure Food Grader Product Picture

Figure Cosmetic Grade Product Picture

Figure Pharmaceutical Grade Product Picture

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Phycocyanin Pigment by Application in 2016

Figure Food Industry Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Food Industry

Figure Dietary Supplements Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Dietary Supplements

Figure Cosmetic Industry Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Cosmetic Industry

Figure Pharmaceutical Industry Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Pharmaceutical Industry

Figure Chemicals Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Chemicals

Figure South China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure East China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Southwest China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Northeast China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure North China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure Central China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure 2016 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Figure 2017 China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers

Table China Market Phycocyanin Pigment Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)

Figure China Market Phycocyanin Pigment Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers

Table China Players/Manufacturers Phycocyanin Pigment Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table China Players/Manufacturers Phycocyanin Pigment Product Category

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Price (USD/Kg) by Regions (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Phycocyanin Pigment by Type (2012-2017)

Figure Revenue Market Share of Phycocyanin Pigment by Type in 2016

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Price (USD/Kg) by Types (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) by Applications (2012-2017)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)

Table Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Earthrise Nutritional Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Japan Algae Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Parry Nutraceuticals Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Prozyme Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Ozone Naturals Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Hash BioTech Labs Private Limited Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure EcoFuel Laboratories Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure Nan Pao International Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)

Figure King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)

Figure King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Figure King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)

Table Zhejiang Binmei Biotechnology Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Wuli Lvqi Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Norland Biotech Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Fuqing King Dnarmsa Spirulina Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Xian Sonwu Biotech Co., Ltd Phycocyanin Pigment Basic Information List

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Phycocyanin Pigment

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Phycocyanin Pigment

Figure Phycocyanin Pigment Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of Phycocyanin Pigment Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016

Table Major Buyers of Phycocyanin Pigment

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Price (USD/Kg) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Table China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure China Phycocyanin Pigment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources